History Final - Essay/ID Flashcards
Describe and explain the tariff/nullification controversy.
In 1828, the United States passed a tariff that brought a lot of controversy in year to come. That tariff was known as the Tariff do 1826, and it favored northern manufacturers and put higher tariffs on those in the south. In response, under the leadership of John C. Calhoun, the South Carolina Exposition and Protest was established. In this, they stated that South Carolina could nullify any act they deemed unconstitutional. On top of this, South Carolina stated that they could secede from the Union if necessary.
In response to this, Jackson’s violent temperament brought him to say that he would preserve the Union at all Costa. This meant that he would use military force in South Carolina if necessary. Then came the Webster vs. Hayne debate, in which Hayne tried to propose a lower price of land in the west to support the lowering of the tariff. This, however, was shot down. The argument went through Jackson’s first term until Calhoun stepped down as Vice President and became the governor of South Carolina, where he could control the state. Finally, to end the nullification/tariff Controversy, Henry Clay proposed a compromise that would lower the tariff back to its original rate, making both sides happy.
Discuss President Jackson’s Indian Policy. How did Indians fare from his administration?
Jackson’s Indian Policy was a harsh happening. In could really be seen as an Indian Removal Policy, as that’s all he wanted to do. He saw them as barbarians, and believed they would be better far away. To accomplish this, he forced them to walk 800 miles to Oklahoma and other plains states. Most Indian tribes were either too weak or too small to resist, but some tribes were able to fight.
In the removal, some Cherokee and Seminole tribes resisted until they couldn’t anymore. The Cherokee were able to resist more because they owned land in northern Georgia, and did not want to give it up. They eventually did leave, however, when they were given $5 million because they were getting sick, had little food, and couldn’t resist any longer. The Seminoles tried to resist with force, but we’re almost taken over and forced out. In Jackson’s policy, the Indians fared terribly. They were not given food or clothing, they had to walk a long distance in terrible conditions, and were even killed or died if they couldn’t keep up. All in all, Jackson was trying to exterminate the tribes with his policy, and he almost did when 1/4 to 1/2 of them died on the trip west. In conclusion, Jackson’s policy was harsh and the Indians suffered greatly because of it.
List and describe the strengths and advantages of the north and the south at the start of the Civil War.
At the start of the Civil War, the North and South both had strengths and advantages. The North, however, was better equipped. Their biggest advantage was that the North had 22 million people, compared to the South’s 9 million(5 million of them slaves), outnumbering them 4 to 1. The North also had better means of transportation, such as vessels, trains, and horse/wagon. Furthermore, the North had a better manufacturing and farming industry. They produced 97% of the firearms; 96% of railroad equipment; and 93% of everything else. The North also had farms that produced edible goods that could feed people. Overall, the North had a great chance to win the war based on their strengths and advantages.
On the other hand, the South had a few strengths and advantages. Their largest advantage was their geography because they knew it and could fight better. The South also had better military leaders and academies. Their academies were originally used for teaching people how to defend themselves against Indian raids, but now served another purpose. Finally, their military leaders were strong and smart, giving them a more tactical advantage.
List and briefly describe the reasons why the North won the Civil War. What were the North’s strengths and advantages?
The North won the war for various reasons that were due to their strengths and advantages. Their biggest advantage was the number of men that could fight, as they heavily outnumbered the South. Not only that, but the North also had a stronger manufacturing and farming base to supply the army, with about 93% of all goods being produced there. The final advantage was that the North had better transportation by vessel, train, and horseback. Overall, the North was better equipped for the war.
The North also had strong military leaders toward the end of the war that proved themselves. In the west, General Grant was able to execute the Anaconda Plan, which protected DC while putting pressure on Richmond; set up a naval blockade that did not allow any goods to get to the South; and divided the South by controlling thew three major rivers. Grant accomplished splitting the south in the west through the siege at Vicksburg, ultimately winning through his ruthless attitude that he had. The other leader, Sherman, was in the South, and he was able to destroy and defeat them both physically and mentally. By doing so, he he made the want to stop fighting, which led to their surrender. The North’s military leaders and Total-War mentality helped them push the South to the breaking point.
The final reason for the North’s victory was the reelection of Lincoln in 1864. Lincoln wanted to preserve the Union, and he was willing to do so at all costs. He didn’t want the South to get their way, and by pleading for peace, but not giving in, he was able to gain just that. In conclusion, the North won the war because they were able to last longer than the South and they fought for what they believed in.
Who were the muckrakers and what impact did they have on American Society?
The Muckrakers were investigative journalists who sought to expose the social corruption of America. Through their findings, the American people became aware of certain things, and new legislation was passed to combat the ills. The four main muckrakers were Henry Lloyd, Lincoln Steffens, Jacob Riis, and Upton Sinclair. First, Henry Lloyd wrote the book, Wealth Against Commonwealth. This book was about his the monopolies and trusts, and what could be done to stop them. He wanted trusts to be broken up so that there would be a more competitive market for the customers to benefit from. As a result of his work, the Clayton Anti-trust Act, the Interstate Commerce Commission, and other agencies were established. These agencies would lead investigations to shut down big business. The next muckraker was Lincoln Steffens. He wrote about how the corruption in cities, and mostly about Boss Tweed and his ring. He wanted to show the American people how politics really worked and that their word didn’t really matter. As a result, the Anti-Corruption Act was passed, and the people became allowed to vote for senators and who would be the party nominee.
The next muckrakers was Jacob Riis, who wrote about people who lost their jobs and the poor. His goal was to open people’s eyes to how families and children starved, cold, and sleeping on the streets. As a result of his book, the government formed Social Welfare so unemployed people would be able to live. The final muckraker was Upton Sinclair, who wrote The Jungle. His book showed the evils of the meat packing industry in Chicago to show Americans what they were really eating. As a result, Theodore Roosevelt rest the book, and formed a commission to inspect the factories, and the Meat Inspection Act was passed, which graded the meat. In the end, the muckrakers were for the good, and they were just trying to help the public.
Compromise of 1850
Proposed: 1. Is California a free or slave state
2. Texasand their demands
3. How to organize southwest boundaries regarding slavery
4. Compensating Texas
5. Slavery in Washington DC
6. Slave trade across the DC border
7. Fugitive slave act
8. Congressional authority with interstate slave trade
Passed: 1. California is a free state
2. Creates New Mexico as a territory and Texas shrinks
3. Utah is created through the Utah Act
4. Concedes and makes a new fugitive slave act
5. Abolishes slavery in DC
Kansas-Nebraska Act
Proposed by Stephen Douglas, it was an act to decide whether or not slavery would be allowed in these territories, and it would be voted on by the public.
Bleeding Kansas
A term used to identify the turmoil in Kansas during the Kansas-Nebraska Act. People from anti-slavery and proslavery groups were killing each other in an effort to keep the other side from voting.
Fort Sumter
An external fort off the coast of South Carolina. Buchanan put troops there in an effort to get the Confederacy to stand down. When Lincoln came into office and tried to resupply the fort, the Confederate troops shot at the ship, not allowing it to get to Fort Sumter. The Union eventually had to surrender due to lack of ammunition. This changed the political viewpoint of the war, and showed the Union that the Confederacy was serious.
Stephen Douglas
Broke the Compromise of 1850 down into 5 parts from 8, and proposed the Kansas-Nebraska Act. He ran for president in 1860 as part of the Northern Democrats, but lost. HE was the only one to receive an electoral vote from both a northern and southern state.
John Brown
Wanted to abolish slavery and was willing to kill and use violence to do so. He raided Harpers Ferry in an effort to get rid supplies to start a slave revolt. He failed and was hanged.
Thomas “Stonewall” Jackson
Gained his nickname by outflanking the Union at the Battle of Bull Run, and he had his army hold their ground, not letting the Union force get through. He became a full commander when General Lee got full control of the military.
Robert E. Lee
From Virginia, he graduated from the U.S. Military Academy at the top of his class, but retired after the Civil War started. He retired because he was offered a position as commander in the Union Army, but could not fight against his home state. A few months later, he became the commander of the Confederate forces. After the Battle of Seven Pines, he got complete control of the Confederate military.
Jefferson Davis
Inaugurated as the president of the Confederate States of America on February 6, 1861. He wanted to have kids fight in the war, but was shot down by Lee because he found it unethical. Davis did not want to surrender, but ran out of men to fight.
Abraham Lincoln
Won the Republican nomination on the 3rd ballot. He did not want slavery to spread to new territories, but did not have a true stance on it, claiming it to be a public record issue. Lincoln also supported higher tariffs and internal tariffs, such as the Transcontinental Railroad. Lincoln had the support of northeastern manufacturers, western farmers, and immigrants.
