History and Trends

Question 1

Morphine (opium)

Answer 1

from a poppy plant, used to treat severe pain, highly addictive

Question 2

Digitalis

Answer 2

from the foxglove plant, used to strengthen and slow the heart rate

Question 3

Quinine

Answer 3

from the bark of the cinchona tree, is used to treat fever and relieves muscle spasm, also prevents malaria

Question 4

Belladonna (Atropopine)

Answer 4

from the poisonus night shade plant, relieves stomach pain.

Question 5

Primitive Times (4000BC-3000BC)

Answer 5

· Belief that illness was punishment from Gods & Demons · Religion played an important part in health care during this time · Dissection was not permitted so exploring the structure of the body was limited · First physicians were witch doctors, tribal doctors, Shaman, or medicine men. (treated illness with ceremonies ex: exorcisms) · People were superstitious · Herbs & plants used as medicine - Foxglove leaves could be chewed to strengthen & slow down the heart · Foxglove is now given through IV, pills, or injections · Average life span: 20 years · Trepanation- o One of the first surgeries o A hole would be cut into the skull to release demons o This was believed to cure disease. (This often resulted in death)

Question 6

Ancient Chinese (1700BC-AD220)

Answer 6

· Strong belief to cure the entire spirit & nourish the body · Used holistic health methods (treating the mind, body, & soul) · Used therapies such as acupuncture

Question 7

Egyptians (3000BC-300BC)

Answer 7

· Wrote the first accurate health records · Prescriptions were written on papyrus · Temples were used for worships, medical schools, & hospitals · Priest were doctors · Embalming led to underst&ing of anatomy & disease · Embalming was done by priest · Gauze used to wrap bodies is much like the gauze used today · Most people could not read · Used bloodletting & leeches as medical treatments o Using leeches to suck out the ‘bad’ blood

Question 8

Ancient Greeks (1200BC-200BC)

Answer 8

· Hippocrates’ knowledge of anatomy & physiology based on observation · Learned that disease is caused by natural cause & not demons · 1st to use massage & art therapy · Stressed that a good diet & cleanliness prevented disease

Question 9

Ancient Romans (753BC-AD410)

Answer 9

· Developed sanitation systems (eg: sewers) · Created first hospitals · Cause of diseases still unknown & treatment is limited · Simple infections killed many · Average life span 25-30 years

Question 10

Leonardo da Vinci

Answer 10

First to study and record the human body through pictures and paintings. He was a scientist, inventor, and artist. Born in Vinci, Italy on APril 15th, 1452.

Question 11

William Harvey

Answer 11

Discovered the circulation of blood and the role of the heart in propelling it. Harvey developed an accurate theory of how the heart and ciculatory system operated. He speculated that humans and animals reproduced through the joining of an egg.

Question 12

Anton van Leeuwenhoek

Answer 12

invented the microscope.

Question 13

Hippopcrates

Answer 13

Father of medicine. Created Hippocratic oath.

Question 14

Edward Jenner

Answer 14

Discovered the small pox vacine.

Question 15

Rene TH Laennec

Answer 15

Invented the stethoscope (lay a neck).

Question 16

Joeseph Priestly

Answer 16

Isolated oxygen by heating mercuric oxide.

Question 17

Benjamin Franklin

Answer 17

Invented bifocals. Created a catheter.

Question 18

Elizabeth Blackwell

Answer 18

First female physician in the USA. 1849

Question 19

Florence Nightingale

Answer 19

Established sanitary nursing care units. Founder of modern nursing. began professional education of nursing.

Question 20

Joseph Lister

Answer 20

First to use antiseptic.

Question 21

Louis Pasteur

Answer 21

Father of microbiology. Pasteurization.

Question 22

Ignaz Semmelweis

Answer 22

Identified cause of childbed fever. Emphasized doctor cleanliness.

Question 23

Robert Koch

Answer 23

Proved Pasteur’s theory of germs. Discovered rats cause the black plague.

Question 24

Paul Ehrlich

Answer 24

Discovered first cure for syphilis.