Anatomy and Physiology Part 2 Flashcards
1
Q
leukocytes
A
white blood cell
2
Q
mitral valve
A
flap or cusp between the left atrium and left ventricle in the heart
3
Q
myocardium
A
muscle layer of the heart
4
Q
pericardium
A
membrane sac that covers the outside of the heart
5
Q
plasma
A
liquid portion of the blood
6
Q
pulmonary valve
A
flap or cusp between the right ventricle of the heart and the pulmonary artery
7
Q
right atrium
A
the right upper chamber of the heart that receives blood from the venae cavae and coronary sinus
8
Q
right ventricle
A
the chamber on the right side of the heart that receives venous blood from the right atrium and pumps it into the pulmonary trunk
9
Q
septum
A
membranous wall that divides to cavities
10
Q
systole
A
period of work, or contraction, of the heart
11
Q
thrombocytes
A
also called a platelet; blood cell required for clotting of the blood
12
Q
tricuspid valve
A
flap or cusp between the right atrium and right ventricle in the heart
13
Q
veins
A
blood vessel that carries blood back to the heart
14
Q
cisterna chyli
A
an enlarged pouch on the thoracic duct that serves as a storage area for lymph moving toward its point of entry into the venous system
15
Q
lymph
A
a thin coagulable fluid (similar to plasma but) containing white blood cells (lymphocytes) and chyle
16
Q
lymph nodes
A
many small, oval structures that filter lymph from the lymph vessels; major locations include the cervical, axillary, and inguinal regions
17
Q
lymphatic capillaries
A
microscopic, blind-ended tubes located near the surface of the body
18
Q
lymphatic vessels
A
large vessels with valves, which collect and carry lymph to lymph nodes
19
Q
right lymphatic duct
A
collects lymph from the right side of the head and neck, the upper right quadrant of the body, and the right arm; empties into the right subclavian vein
20
Q
spleen
A
a large dark-red oval organ on the left side of the body between the stomach and the diaphragm
21
Q
thoracic duct
A
the major duct of the lymphatic system
22
Q
thymus
A
a ductless glandular organ at the base of the neck that produces lymphocytes and aids in producing immunity
23
Q
tonsils
A
mass of lymphatic tissue found in the pharynx and mouth
24
Q
autonomic nervous system
A
that division of the nervous system concerned with reflex, or involuntary, activities of the body
25
brain
soft mass of nerve tissue inside the cranium
26
central nervous system
the division of the nervous system consisting of the brain and spinal cord
27
cerebellum
the section of the brain that is dorsal to the pons and medulla oblongata; maintains balance and equilibrium
28
cerebrospinal fluid
watery, clear fluid that surrounds the brain and spinal cord
29
cerebrum
largest section of brain; involved in sensory interpretation and voluntary muscle activity
30
diencephalon
the section of the brain between the cerebrum and midbrain; contains the thalamus and hypothalamus
31
hypothalamus
that structure in the diencephalon of brain that regulates and controls many body functions
32
medulla oblongata
the lower part of the brain stem; controls vital processes such as respiration and heartbeat
33
meninges
membrane that covers the brain and spinal cord
34
midbrain
that portion of the brain that connects the pons and cerebellum; relay center for impulses
35
nerves
group of nerve tissues that conducts impulses
36
neuron
nerve cell
37
parasympathetic
a division of the autonomic nervous system
38
peripheral nervous system
the section of the nervous system lying outside the brain and spinal cord
39
pons
that portion of the brain stem that connects the medulla oblongata and cerebellum to the upper portions of the brain
40
spinal cord
a column of nervous tissue extending from the medulla oblongata of the brain to the second lumbar vertebra in vertebral column
41
sympathetic
that divisions of the autonomic nervous system that allows the body to respond to emergencies and stress; also, to understand and attempt to solve the problems of another
42
thalamus
that structure in the diencephalon of the brain that acts as a relay center to direct sensory impulse to the cerebrum
43
ventricles
one of two lower chambers of the heart; also, a cavity in the brain
44
aqueous humor
watery liquid that circulates in the anterior chamber of the eye
45
auditory canal
either of the passages in the outer ear from the auricle to the tympanic membrane
46
auricle
also called the pinna, external part of the ear
47
choroid coat
a highly vascular membrane in the eye between the retina and the sclera
48
cochlea
snail-shaped section of the inner ear; contains the organ of Corti, for hearing
49
conjunctiva
mucous membrane that lines the eyelids and covers the anterior part of the sclera of the eye
50
cornea
the transparent section of the sclera; allows light rays to enter to eye
51
eustachian tube
tube that connects the middle ear and the pharynx, or throat
52
iris
colored portion of the eye; composed of muscular, or contractile, tissue that regulates the size of the pupil
53
lacrimal glands
it produce tears; it constantly moisten and cleanse the eye
54
lens
crystalline structure suspended behind the pupil of the eye; refracts or bends light rays onto the retina; also, the magnifying glass in a microscope
55
organ of Corti
structure in the cochlea of the ear; organ of hearing
56
ossicles
small bones, especially the three bones of the middle ear that amplify and transmit sound waves
57
pinna
also called the auricle; external portion of the ear
58
pupil
opening or hole in the center of the iris of the eye; allows light to enter the eye
59
refracts
breaks; forces back; bends as in bending a ray of light
60
retina
the sensory membrane that lines the eye and is the immediate instrument of vision
61
sclera
white outer coat of the eye
62
semicircular canals
structures of the inner ear that are involved in maintaining balance and equilibrium
63
tympanic membrane
the eardrum
64
vestibule
small space or cavity at the beginning of a canal
65
vitreous humor
jellylike mass that fills the cavity of the eyeball, behind the lens
66
alveoli
microscopic air sacs in the lungs
67
bronchi
two main branches of the trachea; air tubes to and from the lungs
68
bronchioles
small branches of the bronchi; carry air in the lungs
69
cilia
hairlike projections
70
epiglottis
leaf-shaped structure that closes over the larynx during swallowing
71
expiration
the expulsion of air from the lungs; breathing out air
72
inspiration
breathing in; taking air into the lungs
73
larynx
voice box, located between the pharynx and trachea
74
lungs
organ of respiration located in the thoracic cavity
75
nasal cavities
space between the cranium and the roof of the mouth
76
nasal septum
bony and cartilaginous partition that separates the nasal cavity into two sections
77
nose
the projection in the center of the face; the organ for smelling and breathing
78
pharynx
the throat
79
respiration
the process of taking in oxygen and expelling carbon dioxide by way of the lungs and air passages
80
sinuses
cavity or air space in a bone
81
tracheae
windpipe; air tube from the larynx to the bronchi
82
ventilation
the bodily process of inhalation and exhalation
83
alimentary canal
the digestive tract from the esophagus to the rectum
84
anus
external opening of the anal canal, or rectum
85
colon
the large intestine
86
duodenum
first part of the small intestine; connects the pylorus of the stomach and the jejunum
87
esophagus
tube that extends from the pharynx to the stomach
88
gallbladder
small sac near the liver; concentrates and stores bile
89
hard palate
bony structure that forms the roof of the mouth
90
ileum
final section of small intestine; connects the jejunum and large intestine
91
jejunum
the middle section of the small intestine; connects the duodenum and ileum
92
large intestine
the last section of the digestive system, where water is absorbed from food and the remaining material is eliminated from the body
93
liver
largest gland in the body; located in the URQ of the abdomen; two of its main functions are excreting bile and storing glycogen
94
mouth
oral cavity; opening the digestive tract, or alimentary canal
95
pancreas
gland that is dorsal to the stomach and that secretes insulin and digestive juices
96
peristalsis
rhythmic, wavelike motion of involuntary muscles
97
pharynx
the throat
98
rectum
The last part of the digestive tract, through which stools are eliminated
99
salivary glands
glands of the mouth that produce saliva, a digestive secretion
100
small intestine
that section of the intestine that is between the stomach and large intestine; site of most absorption of nutrients
101
soft palate
tissue at the back of the roof of the mouth; separates the mouth from the nasopharynx
102
stomach
enlarged section of the alimentary canal, between the esophagus and the small intestine; serves as an organ of digestion
103
teeth
hard bony projections in the jaws for masticating food
104
tongue
muscular organ of the mouth; aids in speech, swallowing, and taste
105
vermiform appendix
a vestigial process that extends from the lower end of the cecum and that resembles a small pouch
106
villi
tiny projections from a surface; in the small intestine, projections that aid in the absorption of nutrients
107
bladder
membranous sac or storage area for a secretion; also, the vesicle that acts as the reservoir for urine
108
Bowman's capsule
part of the renal corpuscle in the kidney; picks up substances filtered from the blood by glomerulus
109
cortex
the outer layer of an organ or structure
110
glomerulus
microscopic cluster of capillaries in Bowman;s capsule of the nephron in the kidney
111
kidneys
bean-shaped organ that excretes urine; located high and in back of the abdominal cavity
112
medulla
inner, or central, portion of an organ
113
nephrons
structural and functional unit of the kidney
114
ureters
tube that carries urine from the kidney to the urinary bladder
115
urethra
tube that carries urine from the urinary bladder to outside the body
116
urinary meatus
external opening of the urethra
117
urine
the fluid excreted by the kidney
118
adrenal glands
a pair of endocrine glands that sit just above the kidneys and secrete hormones (epinephrine and norepinephrine) that help arouse the body in times of stress
119
endocrine
ductless gland that produces an internal secretion discharged into the blood or lymph
120
hormones
chemical substance secreted by an organ or gland
121
ovaries
endocrine gland or gonad that produces hormones and the female sex cell, or ovum
122
pancreas
gland that is dorsal to the stomach and that secretes insulin and digestive juices
123
parathyroid glands
one of four small glands located on the thyroid gland; regulated calcium and phosphorus
124
pineal body
a small endocrine gland in the brain
125
pituitary gland
small, rounded endocrine gland at the base of the brain; regulates function of other endocrine glands and body processes
126
placenta
temporary endocrine gland at the base of the brain; regulates function of other endocrine glands and body processes
127
testes
gonads or endocrine glands that are located in the scrotum of the male and that produce sperm and male hormones
128
thymus
organ in the upper part of the chest, lymphatic tissue, and endocrine gland that atrophies at puberty
129
thyroid gland
endocrine gland that is located in the next and regulars body metabolism
130
Bartholin's glands
two small mucous glands near the vaginal opening
131
breasts
mammary, or milk, gland located on the upper part of the front surface of the body
132
Cowper's glands
the pair of small mucous glands near the male urethra
133
ejaculatory ducts
in the male, duct or tube from the seminal vesicle to the urethra
134
endometrium
mucous membrane lining of the inner surface of the uterus
135
epididymis
tightly coiled tube in the scrotal sac; connects the testes with the vas or ductus deferens
136
fallopian tubes
oviducts; in the female, passageway for the ova from the ovary to uterus
137
fertilization
conception; impregnation of the ovum by the sperm
138
labia majora
two large folds of adipose tissue lying on each side of the vulva in the female
139
labia minora
two folds of membrane lying inside the labia majora
140
penis
external sex organ of the male
