Anatomy and Physiology Part 1 Flashcards
abdominal
anterior body trunk inferior to ribs
anatomy
the study of body structure
cell
the basic structural and functional unit of all organisms
circulatory
System is the transport and delivery system of the body
digestive
breaks down food into units that can be absorbed by the body
endocrine
the secretion of an endocrine gland that is transmitted by the blood to the tissue on which it has a specific effect
excretory
removes waste from the body
integumentary
provides a protective barrier for the body, contains sensory receptors for pain, touch, temperature
lymphatic
returns fluid to cardiovascular system, detects, filters, and eliminates disease causing organisms.
muscular
moves bones and maintains posture
nervous
controls cell function with electrical signals
organ
a collection of tissues that carry out a specialized function of the body
physiology
the branch of the biological sciences dealing with the functioning of organisms
reproductive
producing new life or offspring
respiratory
adds oxygen to the blood and removes carbon dioxide from blood.
skeletal
protects major organs, provides levers and support for body movement
system
a group of physiologically or anatomically related organs or parts
thoracic
pertaining to the chest
tissue
a part of an organism consisting of an aggregate of cells having a similar structure and function
urinary
of or relating to the function or production or secretion of urine
cell membrane
Outer, protective, semipermeable covering of a cell
centrosome
That area of cell cytoplasm that contains two centrioles; important in reproduction of the cell
chromatin
complex of macromolecules in the nucleus of a cell that contains DNA, RNA, and proteins; condenses into chromosomes during replication
connective tissue
body tissue that connects, supports, or binds body organs
cytoplasm
the fluid inside a cell; contains water, proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, minerals, and salts
dehydration
insufficient amounts of fluid in the tissues
edema
swelling; excess amount of fluid in the tissues
endoplasmic reticulum
fine network of tubular structures in the cytoplasm of a cell; allows for the transport of materials in and out of the nucleus and aids in the synthesis and storage of protein
epithelial tissue
tissue that forms the skin and parts of the secreting glands, and that lines the body cavities
Golgi apparatus
that structure in the cytoplasm of a cell that produces, stores, and packages secretions for discharge from the cell
lysosomes
those structures in the cytoplasm of a cell that contain digestive enzymes to digest and destroy old cells, bacteria, and foreign matter.
meiosis
the process of cell division that occurs in gametes, or sex cells
mitochondria
those structures in a cell that provide energy and are involved in the metabolism of the cell
mitosis
process of asexual reproduction by which cells divide into two identical cells
muscle tissue
body tissue composed of fibers that produce movement
nerve tissue
body tissue that conducts or transmits impulses throughout the body
nucleolus
the spherical body in the nucleus of a cell that is important in reproduction of the cell
nucleus
the structure in a cell that controls cell activities such as growth, metabolism, and reproduction
organelles
structures in the cytoplasm of a cell, including the nucleus, mitochondria, ribosomes, lysosomes, and Golgi apparatus
pathophysiology
Study of biological and physical manifestation of disease
pinocytic vesicles
pocket like folds found in the cell membrane, allow large molecules such as proteins and fat to enter the cell
protoplasm
thick, viscous substance that is the physical basis of all living things
abdominal cavity
space below the chest containing organs such as the liver, stomach, gallbladder, and intestines; also called the abdomen
abdominal regions
right upper quadrant, left upper quadrant, left lower quadrant, and right lower quadrant
anterior
before or in front of
body cavities
Spaces within the body that contain vital organs.
body planes
reference planes for indicating the location or direction of body parts
caudal
pertaining to any tail or tail-like structure
cranial
pertaining to the skull
cranial cavity
Contains the brain
distal
most distant or farthest from the trunk; center or middle
dorsal
pertaining to the back; in back of
dorsal cavity
cavity along the posterior side of the body made of the cranial cavity and the spinal cavity
frontal plane
vertical plane dividing the body or structure into anterior and posterior portions
inferior
below; under
lateral
pertaining to the side
medial
pertaining to the middle or midline
midsagittal plane
an imaginary lien drawn down the midline of the body to divide the body into a right side and a left side
pelvic cavity
the space bounded by the bones of the pelvis and containing the pelvic viscera
posterior
toward the back; behind
proximal
closest to the point of attachment or area of reference
spinal cavity
contains the spinal cord
superior
above, on top of, or higher than
thoracic cavity
contains the vertebrate body enclosed by the ribs between the diaphragm and the neck and containing the lungs and heart
transverse plane
imaginary line drawn through the body to separate the body into a top half and a bottom half
ventral
pertaining to the front, or anterior, part of the body; in front of
ventral cavity
contains the structures within the chest and abdomen
constrict
to contract or narrow; to make smaller
crusts
a scab; outer covering or coat
cyanosis
bluish color of the skin, nail beds, and/or lips due to an insufficient amount of oxygen in the blood
dermis
the skin
dilate
enlarge or expand; to make bigger
epidermis
the outer layer of the skin
erythema
redness of the skin
integumentary
pertaining to the skin or a covering
jaundice
yellow discoloration of the skin and eyes, frequently caused by liver or gallbladder disease
macules
a discolored but neither raised nor depressed spot or area on the skin
papules
solid, elevated spot or area on the skin
pustules
small, elevated, pus- or lymph-filled area of the skin
sebaceous glands
oil-secreting gland of the skin
subcutaneous fascia
layer of tissue that is under the skin and connects the skin to muscles and underlying tissues
sudoriferous glands
sweat-secreting gland of the skin
vesicles
blister; a sac full of water or tissue fluid
wheals
itchy, elevated areas with an irregular shape; insect bites and hives
appendicular skeleton
the bones that form the limbs or extremities of the body
axial skeleton
the bones of the skill, rib cage, and spinal column; the bones that form the trunk of the body
carpals
bone of the wrist
clavicles
collarbone
diaphysis
the shaft, or middle section, of a long bone
endosteum
membrane lining the medullary canal of a bone
femur
thigh bone of the leg; the longest and strongest bone in the body
fibula
outer and smaller bone of the lower leg
fontanels
a soft, membrane-covered space between the bones at the front and the back of a newborn’s skull
foramina
a passage or opening; a hole in a bone through which blood vessels or nerves pass
humerus
long bone of the upper arm
ligaments
fibrous tissue that connects bone to bone
medullary canal
inner, or central, portion of a long bone
metacarpals
bone of the hand between the wrist and each finger
metatarsals
bone of the foot between the instep and each toe
os coxae
the hipbone; formed by the union of the ilium, ischium, and pubis
patella
the kneecap
periosteum
fibrous membrane that covers the bones except at joint areas
phalanges
bones of the fingers and toes
radius
long bone of the forearm, between the wrist and elbow
red marrow
soft tissue in the epiphyses of long bones
scapula
shoulder blade or bone
tarsals
one of seven bones that forms the instep of the foot
tibia
inner and larger bone of the lower leg, between the knee and ankle
ulna
long bone in the forearm, between the wrist and elbow
vertebrae
bones of the spinal column
yellow marrow
soft tissue in the diaphyses of long bones
abduction
movement away from the midline
adduction
movement towards the midline
cardiac muscle
Striated, involuntary muscle found only in the heart
contractability
the ability to shorten forcibly
contracture
tightening or shortening of a muscle
elasticity
the tendency of a body to return to its original shape after it has been stretched or compressed
excitability
ability to respond to stimuli
extensibility
ability to be stretched
extension
increasing the angle between two parts; straightening a limb
fascia
fibrous membrane covering, supporting, and separating muscles
flexion
decreasing the angle between two parts; bending a limb
insertion
end or area of a muscle that moves when the muscle contracts
involuntary
independent action not controlled by choice or desire
muscle tone
state of partial muscle contraction providing a state of readiness to act
origin
end or area of a muscle that remains stationary when the muscle contracts
rotation
movement around a central axis; a turning
skeletal muscle
Vouluntary, striated muscle that moves bones, works in pairs and is attatched to bones by tendons
tendons
fibrous connective tissue that connects muscle to bones
visceral muscle
muscle connected to internal organs; involuntary or smooth muscle
voluntary
under one’s control; done by one’s choice or desire
aortic valve
flap or cusp located between the left ventricle of the heart and the aorta
arteries
blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart
blood
fluid that circulates through the vessels in the body to carry substances to all body parts
capillaries
blood vessel that connects arterioles and venues and allows for exchange of nutrients and gases between the blood and the body cells
diastole
period of relaxation of the heart
endocardium
serous membrane lining of the heart
erythrocytes
red blood cell
hemoglobin
the iron-containing pigment of the red blood cells; serves to carry oxygen from the lungs to the tissues
left atrium
the left upper chamber of the heart that receives blood from the pulmonary veins
left ventricle
pumps oxygen rich blood to all parts of the body
