Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

GLE Reviews > Historical Geol.xlsx - Historical Geol > Flashcards

Historical Geol.xlsx - Historical Geol Flashcards

1
Q

Examines the origin and evolution of the Earth, its continents, oceans, atmosphere, and life

A

Historical Geol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Some key concepts in histotical geol

A

The Earth’s surface have changed over geologic time
The rocks record the changes that occurred over geologic time
Interdisciplinary approach = comprehensive geologic “story

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Explain Neptunism; who theorized it

A

─ Rocks formed from crystallization of minerals in the ocean.
─ Earth originally consisted of water, then suspended materials settled to form the core and the continents.
─ Abraham Gottlob Werner

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Explain Plutonism/Vulcanism; who theorized it

A

─ Rocks formed from intrusive magmatic activity, which were then eroded and deposited on the seabed, re-formed as sedimentary rocks by heat & pressure, then raised again.
─ First proposed by Abbe Anton Moro (1750) and later used by James Hutton

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Explain Catastrophism; who popularized it

A

─ Landscape shaped by sudden, short-lived, worldwide violent catastrophes. Each epoch ended with these events based on extinction and succession in the fossil record.
─ Popularized by Georges Cuvier; anchored from Neptunism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Explain Uniformitarianism or Gradualism; who conied it

A

─ Assumes that the natural laws and processes operating in the present time have operated in the past.
─ Geologic change occurring slowly over long time periods
─ Coined by William Whewell, proposed by James Hutton (1785; anchored from Plutonism), refined by John Playfair, and popularized by Charles Lyell.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Explain Neocatstrophism; who where behind it

A

─ Sudden extinctions by high-magnitude, low-frequency events (disastrous but seldom catastrophes) like asteroid impacts.
─ “Steady-state” Uniformitarianism can’t explain episodic particularities in the fossil or rock record
─ First by Schindewolf (1963), then Alvarez (1980s)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Explain Actualism; who where behind it

A

─ Modern belief that most geological processes are gradual yet there are periods of abrupt change.
─ Same process but different intensity and duration
─ Georges Louid Leclerc, Comte de Buffon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Explain relative dating

A

─ Comparison of strata to determine an ordered sequence of events in geologic history
─ “Which is older” and not “How old”
─ Stratigraphic Principles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Explain absolute dating

A

─ Gives accurate numerical ages of geologic materials to determine their ages.
─ “How old” and not “Which is older”
─ Experimental methods

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Explain The principle of Superposition

A

In an undisturbed sequence of strata, each bed is older than the bed above it and younger than the bed below it.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Explain The principle of Original Horizontality

A

Each stratum must have been originally deposited in a horizontal manner.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Explain The principle of Lateral Continuity

A

Each stratum is deposited continuously in all directions unless (1) hindered by an obstacle, (2) the supply has run out, or (3) has reached at the basin’s edge.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Principle of Cross-cutting Relationships

A

Geological objects that cuts or displaces another is younger.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Who were the people behind Principle of Cross-cutting Relationships

A

Developed by Steno, formulated by Hutton, elaborated by Lyell. 14

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Lyell’s Principle of Inclusions

A

Any geologic feature (rocks, minerals, fragments) included within another is older than the enclosing medium.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Smith’s Principle of
Fossil Succession

A

Fossils succeed one another vertically in a definite and determinable manner which can be identified over wide distances.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Buried erosional or non-depositional surface separating two rock units of different ages indicating a “halt” in the deposition of sediments.
Represents time with no deposition, hence “missing rock” in the record.

A

Unconformity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

is the missing time.

A

Hiatu

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Separates strata of two different dip angles. Records a period of strata deformation followed by stable depositional conditions

A

Angular Unconformity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Separates igneous/metamorphic rocks and sedimentary strata.
Records either a period of exposure of magmatic rocks followed by sediment deposition, or by magmatic rocks intruding into sedimentary strata.

A

Nonconformity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Separates parallel sedimentary strata.
Records period of erosion and/or non-deposition of sedimentary rocks atop older sedimentary strata. Common in tectonically-stable area and in basins.

A

Disconformity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Separates parallel sedimentary strata but with no obvious erosional surface between them; needs fossil evidence to validate.

A

Paraconformity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

are short paraconformities (short interruption with little or no erosion).

A

Diastems

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Unconformity that truncates the younger strata as they deposit atop older layers. Occurs when young sediments are deposited against older strata or exposed rock,

A

Buttress Unconformity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Disconformity or nonconformity with no distinct surface or contact but consists of materials derived from the underlying rock.

A

Blended Unconformity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Technique of placing geologic information distributed over widely-separated outcrops to create an accurate chronological profile of an entire geologic period or locality.
May be based on lithology, fossils, ages, magnetic polarity, unconformity, etc.

A

Steno’s Correlation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

unstable parent nucleus emits two protons and two neutrons.

A

Alpha decay,

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

electron is emitted from a neutron in the nucleus.

A

Beta decay

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

a proton captures an electron and is thereby converted to a neutron.

A

Electron capture

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

is time it takes for 1/2 of the original unstable parent element to decay into the new stable daughter element

A

Half Life

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

C 14 Half Life

A

5730 years

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

H 3 Half Life

A

12.35 years

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Pu 239 Half Life

A

24 065 years

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Ra 222 Half Life

A

3.8 days

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Bi 212 Half Life

A

60.55 minutes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Sr 85 Half Life

A

64.84 days

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Sr 89 Half Life

A

50.5 days

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Sr 90 Half Life

A

29.12 years

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

U 235 Half Life

A

703 my

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

U 238 Half Life

A

4.4 by

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Uses 14C to date organic matter.

A

Radiocarbon Dating

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

14C has a half-life of 5,730 years, so it is used to date any material of up to

A

60,000 years old

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

Uses radioisotope 40K with a half-life of 1.3 billion years.; This is used to calibrate the Geomagnetic Polarity Time Scale

A

40K - 40Ar Dating

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

Dates materials to the last time they were heated. As radiation is absorbed, electrons within the minerals are freed producing light in the process.

A

Thermoluminescence

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

Dating method using the patterns of tree rings (growth rings) and is used to date the time these rings have formed

A

Dendrochronology

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

Maximum Age for Dendrochronology

A

11k years

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

Segment of the Earth’s history represented and recorded in the strata.

A

Geologic Time

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

is divided based on the relative age relationships in vertical stratigraphic position and fossils content (used to recognize in global scale)

A

Relative Time (Chronostratic)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

is divided based on radiometric dating methods on rock types, yielding numerical ages.

A

Absolute Time (Chronometric)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

observed rock beds with shell fossils located above sea level and viewed as once-living; implied transgression & regression

A

Xenophanes and Colophon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

reasoned that land and sea positions changed over long time periods

A

Aristotle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

wrote the concept of stratification, and recognized fossils as “petrifications of the bodies of plants and animals”

A

Avicenna

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

postulated that Earth is 6,000 years old

A

Bishop James Ussher

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

established stratigraphic principles in his book “De solido intra solidum naturaliter content dissertationis prodromus

A

Niels Stensen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

postulated Earth is 75,000 years old based from hot iron balls cooled down and related to a similar-sized Earth

A

Georges Louis de Buffon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

believed a 100 million years old based on the uniform decay of thermal structure as observed to present surface gradient

A

William Thomson, Lord Kelvin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

believed a 100 million years as age based on the salt contents of the ocean and the erosion rate of sodic & potassic rocks to raise the ocean salinity to present levels; first to apply radioactivity method

A

John Joly

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

postulated 1.6 – 3.0 billion years based on the Uranium (U-Pb decay); formulated the modern geologic time scale

A

Arthur Holms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

System of chronological dating used as a representation of time and events based on the rock record.

A

Geologic Time Scale

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

the International Chronostratigraphic Chartwas created by

A

the International Commission on Stratigraphy (ICS) of the International Union of Geological Sciences (IUGS)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

used the terms “montes primarii” for rocks formed before the Deluge, and “monticulos secundarios” for rocks from the debris

A

Thomas Burnet

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
63
Q

rocks formed before the Deluge

A

montes primarii

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
64
Q

rocks from the debris.

A

monticulos secundarios

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
65
Q

According to the plutonists, the primary rocks are ____ and ____ while the secondary rocks are ____

A

Igni and Meta; Seds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
66
Q

pioneered the systematic rock divisions using stratigraphy and fossils. Local names were given and rocks are correlated across continents; Chronostratic

A

William Smith, and Georges Cuvier and Alexandre Brogniart

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
67
Q

formulated the modern GTS using radioactive dating, enhanced by the discovery of isotope and mass spectrometry; Chronometric

A

Arthur Holms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
68
Q

In 2023, the Anthropocene Working Group of SQS proposed to designate the Anthropocene as a new geological epoch, based on radionuclides such as Plutonium as physical markers with ________________as reference for the globally-synchronous event marking the end of Holocene.

A

Crawford Lake in S. Canada

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
69
Q

why did the IUGS downvoted the Anthropocene epoch proposition

A

> epoch division too large
temporal scale
epochs start after worldwide extinction
societal rather than geological; designate as event rather than epoch
timing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
70
Q

Hadean Eon duration

A

4.6 – 4.0 Ga

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
71
Q

Archean Eon duration

A

4.0 – 2.5 Ga

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
72
Q

Proterozoic Eon duration

A

2.5 Ga – 538 Ma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
73
Q

Phanerozoic Eon duration

A

538 Ma – present

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
74
Q

Describe Geochronology

A
  • measures age of materials and gives temporal distribution (fancy talk of saying time divisions)
  • uses radioisotopes, paleomags, etc. to get age
  • Time Units
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
75
Q

Describe Chronostratigraphy

A
  • Studies rock strata ages by relating to each other ( like which formed first)
  • sequence and order or rocks during deposition
  • Rock Units
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
76
Q

Describe Time units

A
  • Divides by Late, Middle , and Early
  • How Old?
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
77
Q

Describe Rock units

A
  • Divides by Upper, Middle, and Lower
  • Which is Older
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
78
Q

Geochronologic vs Chronostratigraphic Units

A

Eon - Era - Period - Epoch - Age
Eonothem - Erathem - System - Series - Stage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
79
Q

2nd largest time unit; composes the Eon

A

Era/Erathem

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
80
Q

There are 10 defined eras

A

Eoarchean, Paleoarchean, Mesoarchean, Neoarchean, Paleoproterozoic, Meso-Proterozoic, Neoproterozoic, Paleozoic, Mesozoic, and Cenozoic Eras

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
81
Q

3rd largest unit; composes the Era

A

Period / System

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
82
Q

Oldest and most recent period/system

A

Siderian (Proterozoic); Quaternary (Cenoic)

83
Q

sub-periods for Carboniferous

A

Mississippian and Pennsylvanian Periods

84
Q

2nd smallest geochronologic unit

A

Epoch/Series

85
Q

Oldest and most recent epoch/series

A

Terreniuvian Epoch (Cambrian Period); Holocene Epoch (Quaternary Period)

86
Q

Smallest hierarchical unit; composes the Epoch

A

Age/Stage

87
Q

Oldest and most recent Age/Stage

A

Fortunian Age (Terreneuvian Epoch); Meghalayan Age (Holocene Epoch)

88
Q

Non-hierarchical formal unit of unspecified rank
Used to correlate with Magnetostratigraphi, Lithostratigraphic or Biostratigraphic Units

A

Chron / Chronozone

89
Q

Reference points in the stratigraphic section defining the lower boundary of a Stage, marked by gold spike.

A

Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP)

90
Q

Considerations for the GSSP designatio

A

> defines the stage’s lower boundary
lower boundary defined by prinmary marker
thick enough outcrop and cant be affected by tectonic, sedmentary, and metamorphic processes

91
Q
  • Chronological reference point and criterion in geologic record to define boundaries between chronostratigraphic units in a stata.
  • Primarily used for rocks older than Ediacaran that lacks a good fossil record
A

Global Standard Stratigraphic Age (GSSA)

92
Q

Observable diameter is

A

93 billion light years

93
Q

age of the universe

A

13.78

94
Q

main contents of the universe based on Lambda CDM model

A

Baryonic (ordinary matter) - 4.9%
Dark Matter - 26.8
Dark Energy - 68.3

95
Q

Calculated the circumference of the Earth, instigating a curved shape of the Earth’s surface rather than a flat surface.

A

Eratosthenes

96
Q

Earth was the center of the universe while the stars, planets, and other heavenly bodies revolved around it

A

Geocentric Model

97
Q

who made the geocentric model

A

Ptolemy (150 CE) in his Almagest

98
Q

Earth and planets revolved around the Sun.

A

Heliocentric Model

99
Q

Who were behind the Heliocentric Model

A

Nicholas Copernicus (1543), supported by Galileo and Kepler

100
Q

Universe is expanding but maintains a constant average density

A

Steady State Theory

101
Q

Who proposed the Steady State Theory

A

Sir James Jean in 1928

102
Q

Universe is continuously expanding from an initial state of high density and temperature (the Singularity

A

Big Bang Model

103
Q

Who proposed the Big Bang theory

A

Georges Lemaitre, 1927

104
Q

the big bang theory are supported by which concepts

A

Supported by the Red Shift (Doppler Effect), the CMB, the Hubble-Lemaitre Law.

105
Q

explain the Hubble Lemaitre Law

A

the observation in physical cosmology that galaxies are moving away from Earth at speeds proportional to their distance. In other words, the farther they are, the faster they are moving away from Earth

106
Q

predates the explosion; the point of infinite density, temperature, and curvature where all known physical laws collapse (become meaningless)

A

Cosmological Singularity

107
Q

Evidences of the Big Bang

A
  1. Red Shift and Doppler Effect
  2. Hubble – Lemaitre Law
  3. Cosmic Microwave Background
  4. Abundance of lighter elements
108
Q

is the alteration of a wave’s frequency relative to its distance from the observer. Distant galaxies emit light at the red spectrum, indicating very far distance. Conversely, near objects emit light in the blue spectrum.

A

Doppler Effect

109
Q

Accurate method of calculating the distance of an object from a certain perspective relative to background.

A

Parallax

110
Q

relates a body’s position as observed from Earth at specific time, and compares that body’s location in space as then observed again from Earth after 6 months

A

Stellar Parallax

111
Q

Arno Penzias and Robert Wilson, 1965

A

Cosmic Microwave Background

112
Q

Sequence of Events during the Big Bang

A
  1. Plank
  2. Grand Unification
  3. Electroweak Epoch
  4. Inflationary Epoch
  5. Early Thermalization
  6. Electroweak Breaking
  7. Quark Epoch
  8. Hadron Epoch
  9. Lepton Epoch
  10. Photon Epoch
    Nucelosynthesis
  11. Matter Domination
  12. Recombination &
    Photon Decoupling
  13. Dark Ages
  14. Reionization Epoch &
    Earliest Galaxies
  15. Population II & I Stars
  16. Dark Energy Era
113
Q

as expansion continues, universe becomes larger, colder, more dilute. All structures decompose to sub-atomic particles & photons.

A

Heat Death

114
Q

expansion accelerates and so extreme that spacetime is pulled apart and unable to exist.

A

Big Rip

115
Q

expansion stops then reverses and all matter accelerates towards the common center.

A

BIg Crunch

116
Q

collapse of quantum fields results to annihilation of all current particles (and anti-particles) and form new forces and particles

A

Vacuum Instability

117
Q

Expansion of Singularity; 4 forces still combined

A

Plank Epoch

118
Q

Grand
Unification
Epoch

A

Gravity
separates;
physical
characteristics
meaningless

119
Q

Inflation
Epoch

A

Cosmic inflation
& supercooling;
Quark-Gluon
Plasma forms

120
Q

Hadrons
forms,
including
Baryons

A

Quark
Epoch

121
Q

Hadrons
destroyed
emitting
light

A

Hadron
Epoch

122
Q

Lepton
Epoch

A

Leptons
dominated,
then were
destroyed

123
Q

Photons dominated,
interacting with other
baryons.
Nuclear fusion (from
2 mins to 20 mins)

A

Photon
Epoch

124
Q

Only photons were
source of light; CMB
shifted into infrared,
and universe is
devoid of visible light

A

Dark
Ages

125
Q

force separated first after the Big Bang

A

Gravity

126
Q

Who where behind the solar nebular model

A

Accepted theory by Immanuel Kant (1755); modified by Pierre Laplace (1795)

127
Q

growth at the expense of smaller planetesimals

A

Runaway Accretion

128
Q

growth of largest planetesimals

A

Oligarch Arccretion

129
Q

embryos merge with other; Mercury & Mars, water on Earth

A

Merger State

130
Q

where a core is formed then enveloped by accreted gas.

A

Nucleated Instability Model

131
Q

Duration of the Hadean Eon

A

4.567 Ga to 4.0 Ga.

132
Q

explain the Iron Catastrophe

A

Iron and Nickel melted and sank to form the core, created the magnetosphere, while buoyant oxygen-seeking rocks rose and formed the primitive crust

133
Q

in this model of explaning the formation of Earth’s layers, immiscible liquid NiFe globules in a silicate magma sank and separated

A

Rain Out Model

134
Q

Moon was part of the Earth (from Pacific Ocean) and later separated.

A

Fission Theory

135
Q

Moon & Earth condensed individually and separately from solar nebula

A

Condensation Theory

136
Q

Explain the Giant Impact Hypothesis

A

Theia collided with proto earth
flown fragments coalesced to form the moon

137
Q

Photochemical Dissociation

A

(UV rays dissociate H2O into H2 & O2

138
Q

stars become brighter as they age. The Sun has become 30% brighter; poses problem with ocean formation.

A

Faint Young Sun Paradox

139
Q

Period of intense bombardment of meteorites,
comets, asteroids, and other rock fragments
Marks the boundary of Hadean and Archean.

A

Late Heavy Bombardment (4.1 Ga – 3.8 Ga)

140
Q

postulates that Jovian planets underwent orbital migration and scattered objects from the asteroid belt and/or Kuiper Belt, into eccentrical orbits into the terrestrial planets.

A

Nice Model

141
Q

could have introduced amino acids to early ear

A

Accretion of Bio-Elements (ABEL) bombardment

142
Q

2nd oldest eon; 32.6% of geologic time

A

Archean Eon

143
Q

The Archean eon began with ____ and ended with ____

A

LHP; Huronian Glaciation

144
Q

Oldest Archean microcontinents

A

Trans Hudson Belt

145
Q

intrusive rocks with typical granitic composition (quartz and feldspar) but containing only a small portion of potassium feldspar. Tonalite, trondhjemite, and granodiorite often occur together in geological records, indicating similar petrogenetic processes; major components of Archean Cratons

A

Tonalite–trondhjemite–granodiorite (TTG)

146
Q

process of outward growth of continents as plates collide with island arcs and other plates.

A

Continental Accretion

147
Q

supercontinent; oldest continent. but
less size than Australia

A

Vaalbara

148
Q

supercontinent in 2.7 Ga.
Comprised of later Laurentia & Baltica, the
western Australia (Yilgarn Craton, which
contained the 4.4 Ga zircon crystals), and
the Kalahari.

A

Kenorland

149
Q

The shield that evolved from kenorland

A

Baltic/Fennoscandian Shield

150
Q

Orogeny precursur to Kenorland

A

Algoman / Kenoran Orogeny

151
Q

Layered sedimentary formation created by
Cyanobacteria using sand & rocks to form
mineral microbial mats.

A

Stromatolites

152
Q

Oldest undisputed stromatolites

A

3.0 Ga found in the
Barberton Greenstone Belt, S. Africa

153
Q

Archaean Atmosphere

A

No Oxygen , mostly CO2 and Methane

154
Q

water layer between oxygenated and anoxic layers

A

Redoxcline

155
Q

chemical sedimentary rocks characterized by alternating layers of iron-rich minerals and chert that are generally interstratified with bimodal submarine volcanic rocks and/or sedimentary sequences in Archean greenstone belts.

A

Algoma-type banded iron formations (BIF)

156
Q

are thickly bedded Proterozoic BIFs composed of chert and
hematite (due to oxidation by oxygen). Most significant, esp. as source of Iron.

A

Superior-type BIF

157
Q

oldest known glaciation at 2.9 Ga(Mesoarchean) corresponding to the diamictites of the Pongola Supergroup

A

Pongola Glaciation

158
Q

3 ice ages at the end of Archean at 2.5 Ga. This coincides with the Great
Oxygenation Event. Oxygen reacted with CO2 and methane,
reducing greenhouse effect lowering the temperature
resulting to the death of anaerobic organisms

A

Huronian / Makganyene Glaciation

159
Q

3rd eon and last eon of the Precambrian; 42.65% of GT (longest eon).

A

Proterozoic Eon

160
Q

The Proterozoic eon began with ____ and ended with ____

A

Started with the Great Oxygenation Event and the Huronian Glaciation ice ages and ended with the appearance of complex hard-shelled organisms (Cambrian Explosion).

161
Q

Establishment of Earth’s magnetic field

A

3.5 Ga

162
Q

Age of Orogeny

A

Proterozoic Eon

163
Q

Age of Orogeny

A

Nuna/columbia
Rodinia
Pannotia

164
Q

period of peak free atmospheric oxygen; and its duration

A

Great Oxygenation Event
Began in Siderian Period
and ended in Rhyacian Period

165
Q

Single-celled eukaryotes appeared after

A

Great Oxygenation Event

166
Q

is the evolutionary radiation of
animals at 575 Ma.

A

Avalon Explosion

167
Q

Current eon in GT from 539 Ma, denoting the most evolution of multicellular life

A

Phanerozoic Eon

168
Q

eras of Phanerozoic Eon and duration

A

•Paleozoic Era is the first era from 539 Ma – 251 Ma
• Mesozoic Era is the middle era from 251 Ma – 66 Ma
• Cenozoic Era is the current era from 66 Ma

169
Q

• 6 continents in Paleozoic

A

Baltica, Gondwana, Laurentia, Kazakhstania, China,
and Siberia.

170
Q

In Middle Ordovician, this orogeny formed along the eastern Laurentia
(due to subduction of Iapetus Plate; 1st pulse of Appalachian Mts; deposition of
Catskill and Queenstone Delta). Dominant deposits are Oolitic carbonates

A

Taconic Orogeny

171
Q

in Silurian, Baltica+Avalonia collided with Laurentia, forming Laurasia and closing
the northern Iapetus Ocean, and initiating the

A

Caledonian Orogeny

172
Q

In Devonian, this orogeny initiated (3rd pulse of Appalachian Mts) as the
southern Iapetus narrowed between Laurasia and Gondwana. Other orogenies
include Antler (Cordillera) and Ellesmere (N. margin of Laurentia)

A

Acadian Orogeny

173
Q

the passageway connecting Paleo-Tethys and Panthalassa.

A

Rheic Ocean

174
Q

In Permian, complete assembly of Pangaea as Laurasia & Gondwana merged
(_____________). Enormous single ocean is called _________

A

Ouachita Orogeny; Panthalassa

175
Q

When did pangea begin to split

A

Triassic

176
Q

is a continental body of water which is very large in area and is either completely surrounded by dry land or connected to an ocean by a river, strait or “arm of the sea”.

A

Epeiric/Inland seas

177
Q

The Cordilleran Mobile Belt was caused by

A

changing subduction angle of the Farallon Plate. This is
comprised of Nevadan Orogeny, Sevier Orogeny, and Laramide Orogeny

178
Q

is a short interval of max temperature characterized by the highest global temperatures; release of methane hydrates

A

Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum

179
Q

First major transgression in North American craton;

A

Sauk Sequence

180
Q

Widespread carbonate deposition overlying basal sandstone; record time of major reef building; its sea represented one of
the most complete flood in continent

A

Tippecanoe Sequence

181
Q

Last complete sequence to cover North American craton; Caused by the Mid-Cretaceous superplume event.

A

Zuni Sequence

182
Q

Sequences in the Paleozoic

A

Sauk, Tippecanoe, Kaskaskia, Absaroka, Zuni

183
Q

sudden appearance of hard-shelled organisms and the rapid diversification of organism

A

Cambrian Explosion

184
Q

Appearance of first jawless fishes (agnathans).

A

Paleozoic

185
Q

First true coral reefs ; non vascular land plants

A

Ordivician

186
Q

2nd largest mass extinction in terms of extinct genera

A

End-Ordovician Mass Extinction

187
Q

First vascular land plant appeared in

A

Devonian; Cooksonia

188
Q

Mass extinction caused by the closing of Iapetus Ocean and orogenic events

A

Frasnian-Fammenian

189
Q

Important guide fossil for Pennsylvania-Permian

A

Fusulinids

190
Q

Amphibians appeared in

A

Carboniferous

191
Q

is the greatest mass extinction event ,Caused by deep-sea anoxia, increased CO2 levels, global warming, and widespread volcanism (Siberian Traps)

A

Permian-Triassic Mass Extinction

192
Q

Age of Reptiles

A

Mesozoic

193
Q

ancestors to modern fishes

A

Teleosts

194
Q

Ancestors of birds

A

Archaeopteryx

195
Q

extinction caused by major oceanic changes and Central Atlantic Magmatic
Province volcanism

A

• End-Triassic Mass Extinction

196
Q

Non-avian dinosaurs went extinct. Caused by meteorite, Deccan Traps, and other factors.

A

Cretaceous – Paleogene Mass Extinction

197
Q

Age of Mammals.

A

Cenozoic

198
Q

was an important late Cenozoic paleozoogeographic biotic interchange event in which land and freshwater fauna migrated from North America to South America via Central America and vice versa, as the volcanic Isthmus of Panama rose up from the sea floor and bridged the formerly separated continents

A

Great American Biotic Interchange

199
Q

Marks a break between endemic European fauna and mixed fauna with strong Asian
species; extinction of most European primates. Caused by global cooling and
oceanic overturn, meteorite impact in Late Eocene, and the major Antarctic
Glaciation

A

Eocene – Oligocene Extinction (Transition)

200
Q

is the extinction of larger land mammals at
20,000 to 10,000 years ago caused by human hunting and overkill

A

Pleistocene Megafauna Extinction

201
Q

Oldest known human hominin is

A

Sahelanthropus tchadensis

202
Q

Members of Homo

A

include H. habilis (2.5 Ma), H. erectus (1.8 Ma), and
H. sapiens. Evolved species include H. neanderthalensis, Cro-Magnon,
H. floresiensis, H. luzonensis, H. denisova

203
Q

Evolution of Primates

A

• Bipedalism in 10 Ma to 5.0 Ma
• Enlarged skull or brain case in 3.0 Ma to 2.0 Ma
• Stone tools at 2.6 Ma
• Wide geographical distribution at 2.0 Ma to 1.5 Ma
• Cultivation of fire at 1.5 Ma
• Art (cave paintings) at 35,000 years ago

GLE Reviews (26 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions