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GLE Reviews > Earth Mat Flashcards - Ch 12 Pt 2 > Flashcards

Earth Mat Flashcards - Ch 12 Pt 2

1
Q

Which soil order would likely form under reducing environment and may contain sulfide minerals such as pyrite (FeS2)
- Histosol
- Aridosol
- Ultisol
- Gelisol

A

Histosols

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2
Q

Small clumps of partially inundurated material due to mineral precipitation

A

Soil Peds

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3
Q

Truly solid crusts produced by mineral precipitation

A

Durisols, Petrosols

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4
Q

Weathering of bedrock generates in situ

A

residual soils

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5
Q

Further weathering of such transported sediments generates

A

transported soils.

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6
Q

is a term used for soils that contain subequal propotions of sand and silt and signifi cant amounts of clays.

A

Loam

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7
Q

The USDA-NRCS divides soil horizons into

A

epipedons

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8
Q

The B horizon is also known as

A

Zone of Illuviation

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9
Q

In many cases, mineral precipitation in the B-horizon binds soil particles together into hard, nodular zones or into completely indurated sub - horizons called

A

duricrusts

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10
Q

Calcium Carbonate duricrusts in caliche soils

A

Calcrete / petrocalcic horizons

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11
Q

Duricrusts of silica? gypsum?

A

Silcretre; Petrogypsic

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12
Q

are partially cemented clods of soil particles of various sizes that give the soil a crumbly lump appearance.

A

Peds

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13
Q

concentrations of illuviated material such as clays or iron oxides that occur as layers or that envelope less - altered cores.

A

Cutans

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14
Q

prolate to equant hard lumps formed by mineral precipitation and include concretions and nodules of all sizes.

A

Glaebules

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15
Q

Heirarchy of Soil Classification

A

Orders, Suborders, Great groups, Sub Groups, Families, Series
On Sunny Green Slopes, Flowers Shine

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16
Q

How many Orders are there in the USDA-NRCS classificatio

A

12 major orders

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17
Q

Gray to brown A - horizon epipedon;
B sub - horizons rich in clays with reasonably high concentrations of bases such as Ca, Na, Mg;
reasonably high moisture content

A

Alfisols

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18
Q

Weak horizon development; rich in disordered clays and Al – humus complexes;
high phosphorous retention;
good moisture capacity and cation exchange capacity

A

Andisols

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19
Q

Sparse organic material in A - horizon epipedon;
well - developed B - horizons, often rich in Ca - carbonates, even gypsum;
low moisture content for long periods of time

A

Aridosols

20
Q

Lack signifi cant soil horizon development;
soils only because they have the capability to support rooted plants;
often sand rich

A

Entisols

21
Q

Permafrost soils and soil features;
patterned ground, broken horizons and incorporation of organic matter in lower horizons produced by frost heaving and churning

A

Gelisols

22
Q

Mostly very organic rich O - horizon;
deeper horizons tend to be poorly developed, if at all

A

Histosols

23
Q

Weak horizon development; less clay concentration in B - horizon than alfi sols;
carbonate and silica - rich B - horizons may occur;
reasonably high moisture content

A

Inceptisols

24
Q

Very dark, thick, organic - rich O and A epipedon;
high base content, especially calcium;
clays with high cation exchange potential

A

Mollisols

25
Q

Weak horizon development; extreme decomposition and base depletion;
clays, mostly kaolinite, with low cation exchange capacity;
bauxite under extreme conditions; quartz and iron oxides

A

Oxidation

26
Q

Thick O - horizon; well - leached A - horizon with low Fe, Al, Ca;
well - developed B - horizons with clays, reddish iron oxides or black humic material;
good cation exchange

A

Spodosols

27
Q

Well - leached A - horizon with some organics;
clay - rich B - horizons with generally low base contents as Ca, Na and K are largely removed which distinguishes them from alfisols

A

Ultisols

28
Q

High expansive clay content; large changes in volume associated with wetting and drying;
cracks when dry and other evidence of soil movement;
may have horizons

A

Vertisols

29
Q

soils that contain more than total 50% sand and gravel

A

coarse grained soils

30
Q

Subdivision of coarse grained soils and characterisitcs

A

Clean Soils : <5% fines
Dirty Soils : >12% fines

31
Q

contain more than 50% silt plus clay.

A

Fine - grained soils

32
Q

is the amount of stress a soil can bear without failing by rupture or plastic flow

A

Soil strength

33
Q

Soil sensitivity in response to water content, easily determined in the lab, is commonly expressed by

A

Atterberg limits

34
Q

Atterberg Classes

A

Brittle solids
Semi Solid soils
Plastic soils
Liquid Soils

35
Q

Boundary between brittle and semi solid soilds
Water contnet below which solids do not shrink

A

Shrinkage Limit (SL)

36
Q

Separates semi solids to plastic soils
deformation changes from rupture to plastic

A

Plastic Limit (PL)

37
Q

The _of a soil is a measure of its cohesiveness, which is sensed as a sticky, cohesive feel to the touch.

A

plasticity

38
Q

Separates liquid to plastic soils
soils lose shear strength

A

Liquid Limit (LL)

39
Q

of a soil is the range of water contents over which the soil behaves as a plastic substance

A

The plasticity index (PI)

40
Q

expresses the tendency of soils to change volume when wetted

A

Shrink – swell potential

41
Q

plot of plasticity index versus liquid limit that is used extensively in laboratory testing of fine - grained soils.

A

Casagrande diagrams

42
Q

Hydraulic conductivity of sediment types

A

Clays: ∼ 10⁻⁶ cm/s
Silts: ∼ 10⁻⁴ cm/s
Sands: ∼ 10⁻² to 10⁻³ cm/s
Gravels: ∼ 10⁻¹ to 10¹ cm/s

43
Q

Buried soils that have been uncovered and exposed at Earth ’ s surface by subsequent erosion are called

A

exhumed soils

44
Q

are ancient soils that formed under conditions not related to the present climate.

A

Paleosols

45
Q

Depressed C13/C12 in soils indicate; the opposite?

A

presence of organims and cooler temperatures;
greenhousr atmosphere, higher temperature

46
Q

how did the rise of Mollisols in the Eocene led to Pleistocene glaciations

A

Grasses sequester greenhouse gases, removing CO2 from the atmosphere. Causes coeval long term global cooling eventually leading to glacations.

GLE Reviews (26 decks)

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