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GLE Reviews > Earth Mat Flashcards - Ch 1-6 > Flashcards

Earth Mat Flashcards - Ch 1-6

1
Q

Volume Mass of the layers of the Earth

A

Crust - <1% volume
Mantle - 83% volume, 68% Mass
Core - 16% volume, 32% mass

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2
Q

Depth of each layer of the earth

A

Litho- crust to upper mantle
Astheno- 100km to 660km
Mesosphere- 660-2900
Outer core- 2900-5150
inner core- 5150-6370

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3
Q

age and location of oldest oceanic crust

A

less than 180 mya, N. Atlantic and W. Pacific

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4
Q

Age of oldest continental crust

A

4.03 ga at NW territories Canada
Greenland and Australia greenstone belts -4.28 ga

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5
Q

Features of divergent boundaries

A

Continental rifts
Oceanic ridge system

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6
Q

Features of Convergent Boundaries

A

Subduction zones
Continental Collisions

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7
Q

Feature of Left stepping sinistral fault and right stepping sinistral fault

A

Pull-apart basin
Orogen

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8
Q

Examples of Hotspots

A

oceanic - Hawaii
Continental - Yellowstone
Divergent - Iceland

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9
Q

mass of subatomic particles

A

proton - 1.00728 amu
neutron - 1.00867 amu
Electron - 0.0000054 amu

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10
Q

Names of Hydrogen Isotopes

A

Hydrogen 1 - Hydrogen (protium)
Hydrogen 2 - Deuterium
Hydrogen 3 - Tritium

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11
Q

Properties of an electron

A

Principal Quantum no. or shell
Azimuthal Quantum no. or subshell
Magnetic Quantum no.
Spin no.

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12
Q

Energy required to remove an electron from its electron cloud

A

Ionization energy

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13
Q

elements that have low required 1st ionization energy

A

Electropositive elements

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14
Q

who introduced the concept of Electronegativity

A

Linus Pauling 1929

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15
Q

a uniaxial positive indicatrix has a shape of?

A

Prolate spheroid

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16
Q

what is electrical Neutrality

A

concept wherein amount of elements in a molecule must be equal to be stable with respect to their charges/electron configuration

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17
Q

what are the attractive and repulsive forces between ions of opposite charges

A

Coulomb attraction
Born Repulsion

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18
Q

Types of chemical bonds in Minerals

A

Ionic
covalent
metallic
van der waals
hydrogen bond

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19
Q

what bond is present with electronegativity difference of more than 1.68?

A

Ionic

covalent if less than 1.68

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20
Q

what are Pauling’s Rules

A

rules in cation-anion relationships in ionic bonds
1. Radius sum determines polyhedron formed by anions for each cation
2. Electrostatic valency rule - ionic is stable if sum of strength of bonds equals the charge of anions and cations themselves
3. Shared edges in polyhedra decreases stability, same charge and components share corners instead
4.High valency charge cations and Small coordination numbers dont share polyhedron elements
5. Rule of Parsimony- no. of diff cations and anions in a crydtal structure are small

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21
Q

Coordination number vs Coordination Polyhedron

A

CN - no. of nearest ions or atoms
CP - cluster of atoms bonded to coordination atoms

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22
Q

Trends in Radius Ratio:
Rcation/Ranion

A

<0.155 CN =2, Linear
0.155-0.225 CN =3, Triangular
0.225-0.414 CN =4, Tetrahedral
0.414-0.732 CN =6, Octahedral
0.732-1 CN =8, Cubic
>1 CN =12, Cubic, Hexagonal closest packed

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23
Q

when is substition of ions available?

A

if atomic radii difference are within 10-15%, limited if it exceeds and negligible if greater than 30%

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24
Q

describe substition in one coordination site compared to multiple

A

one coordination site - limited with ions of the same charge to maintain stability.
multiple - ions lf different charge are permitted so long as another coordination site is there to neutralize

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25
Q

exists when ions of same radii and charge substitute in a coordination site

A

Simple complete substitution
includes complete solid solution, were components (end members) can substitute in any proportion

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26
Q

what is Coupled ionic substitution

A

type of substitution where ions of diff charges in 2 different structural sites preserves the neutrality kf the crystal lattice

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27
Q

caused by different size limit of ions existing in its end components

A

Limited Ionic substitution

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28
Q

solid solution proportions that do not exist in nature due to atomic radii diff of components, could also exhibit exsolution

A

Miscibility gaps

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29
Q

what is a phase and a phase stability diagram

A

phase- mechanically seperable part of a system

diagram - disblay stable fields

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30
Q

compare eutectic and peritectic point

A

Eutectic- Condition where melt is in equilibrium w/ 2 diff solids
Peritectic - reaction occurs between a pre-existing solid phase and melt to produce a new solid phase

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31
Q

Compare invariant and incongruent melting

A

Invariant - occurs when rocks of different origin material melts into one material of same composition (opposite of eutectic)
Incongruent Melting - when a solid mineral phase melts to produce a melt and a different mineral with a different composition from the initial mineral

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32
Q

Compare continous and discontinous melting

A

continous - crystals and melt react to continously and incrementally change the composition of both, rewuires a solid solution

discontinous - crystals and melt react to produce a completely diff mineral negligible solid solution exists between the minerals

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33
Q

what does the solvus designate?

A

phase boundary line that seperares conditions in which complete solid solution occurs within a mineral series from conditions under which solid solution is limited

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34
Q

rule that governs the no. of phases that can coexist in equilibrium in any system

A

Gibbs Phase Rule
Phase = Components +2 - Freedom

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35
Q

where are stishovite and coesite usually found?

A

impact metamorphism, bomb sites, deep mantle

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36
Q

where are stishovite and coesite usually found?

A

impact metamorphism, bomb sites, deep mantle

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37
Q

Points and trends of the Silica phase diagram

A

Low Qtz - max 1200c at 3 gpa Hexagonal
High qtz - 500c to 1800c at 4gPa hexagonal
tridymite - 900c to 1400c less than 1 gpa Monoclinic
cristobalite -1400c to 1600c less than 1 gPa Tetragonal
coesite - From 2 GPa Monoclinic
stishovite - From 7.5 GPa Tetragonal

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38
Q

trends and points of Plagioclase 2 component phase diagram

A

NaAlSi4O8 Albite melting - 1118c
CaAlSi4O8 Anorthite - 1513c

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39
Q

trends and points in Anorthite- Diopside diagram, 2component nk solid solution phase diagram

A

CaAlSi4O8 Anorthite
CaMgSi2O6 Clinopyroxene Diopside

Anorthite liquidus - 1553c
Diopside Liquidus - 1392 c
Solidus - 1274c

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40
Q

trends and points of Albite and Orthoclase

A

perthite antiperthitr cut off - 40% orthoclase
>40 perthite then vice versa
comllete solid solution at 670c

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41
Q

Nepheline - Silica

A

NaSiO4 Nepheline
SiO2 Silica
67% cutoff of saturation for silica anything less is undersaturated then vice versa is over saturated
1070c melt of nepheline
1060c in silica
nepheline reacts with silica through discontinous melting to form albite

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42
Q

Trends and points of Forsterite-enstatite-Silica

A

MgSiO4 Forsterite
MgSi2O6 Enstatite
SiO2 Silica
Peritectic - 1585c
Eutectic - 1540c
Forsterite - 1880c liquidus
line of peritectic is at 30% silica

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43
Q

what are the percentages of abundance of oxygen and carbon isotopes?

A

O16 -99.7
O18 -0.2
O17- rare

C12 98.9
C13 1.1
C14 Radioactive

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44
Q

what is smow and what specimen was used for its basis?

A

Standard mean ocean water - describes the standard of O18/O16 ratios based from a belemnite of Pee Dee Formation of the Cretaceous perios due to the period being unusually warm

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45
Q

why are high O18/O16 ratios could mean glacial periods?

A

High ratios in ocean water could mean high rates of evaporation where vapor accumulated in the form of snow in glaciers.

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46
Q

These are trapped methane in underwayer environments that accumulated to the surface and caused the Paleocene-Eocene thermal maximum

A

Clathrates

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47
Q

percentage of ions that K40 decays into?

A

91% becomes Ca 40
9% becomes Ar40

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48
Q

fill in the appropriate isotope that the parent isotope decays into:
U238 -
U235 -
Th234 -

A

U238 - Pb206
U235 - Pb207
Th234 - Pb206

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49
Q

types of symmetry operations and their corressponding letter in expressions

A

Translation (t)
Rotation (n)
Reflection (m) enantiomorphic operations - changes handedness
Inversion (i or c)
Glide Reflection (g)
Rotoinversion (nbar)
screw inversion (n subscript a)

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50
Q

smallest unit of pattern that generate long range pattern seen in crystals

A

Motif

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51
Q

Repetition of motifs bound by a set of rules

A

symmetry operations

52
Q

A point used to represent a motif

A

node

53
Q

produce repetition of a unit of pattern or motif using a single type of operation

A

simple symmetry operations

54
Q

periodic repetition of nodes or motifs by systematic linear displacement; Is defined by what?

A

Translation; Unit translation Vector (t)

55
Q

A result of 2D translation? 3D?

A

Plane lattice/Mesh ; Space Lattice / Crystal Lattice

56
Q

Symmetry operations that change the handedness of motifs are called

A

enantiomorphic operations

57
Q

equidistant repetitions of component by projection perpendicular to a plane? through a common point?

A

Reflection; Inversion

58
Q

In a plane point 6mm, what does these symbols represent

A

6 - rotational axis
1st m - mirror plane
2nd m - mirror plane bisecting the first one

59
Q

combines translation with reflection

A

glide reflection

60
Q

how is face, form, and line written?

A

face - (1 1 1)
form - {1 1 1}
line - [1 1 1]

61
Q

Simple 2D node translation produces 5 meshes/nets and their unit meshes, what are those

A

Square : Square
Rectangle : Rectangle (p)
Diamond : Rectangle (c)
Hexagonal : Hexagon
Oblique : Parallelogram

62
Q

enumerate open crystal forms

A

Pedions - single faces
Pinacoids - Pair of parallel faces
Prisms - more than 3 faces parallel to an axis
Pyramid - more than 3 faces intersect at an axis
Domes - pair symmetrical to a mirror plane
Sphenoids - pair symmetrical to an axis of rotation

63
Q

how many Bravais Lattices?

A

14

64
Q

it is the reciprocal of Miller Indices

A

Weiss Parameters

65
Q

it is the surface where twins are joined

A

Composite surfaces

66
Q

Describes the symmetry operation and plane involved in twinning

A

Twin Law

67
Q

Gypsum usually exhibits twinning called?

A

Swallowtail

68
Q

A twinning feature seen in Potassium feldspars

A

Carlsbad twinning

69
Q

compare contact twins and penetration twins

A

Contact twins do not seem to penetrate each other
Penetrate twins penetrate

70
Q

compare simple vs multiple twins

A

simple twins = 2
multiple means more than 2

71
Q

compare growth vs mechanical twins

A

growth- during mineral growth
mechanical- transformed due to deformations such as in calcite

72
Q

Differentiate Frenkel vs Schottky defects

A

Frenkel - structural site is vacant as ion moves to an interstitial site
Schottky - vacance is balanced by substitution of charge of surrounding ions

73
Q

among the defects, which is 0D, 1D, and 2D

A

Point 0D
line 1D
plane 2D

74
Q

types of Point Defects

A

Substitution - ions with big radii or charge substitute normal ions distorting its structure
Interstitial - occupy spaces between structural sites
Omission - unoccupied structural sites

75
Q

types of Line Defects and it’s cause

A

line defects aka Dislocations have 2 types:
Edge - a column of atomsget sheared towards a direction while a half stays in place distorting it’s structure
screw - same causes with edge but in a rotating motion

76
Q

Types of Diffussion creeps

A

Coble (grain-boundary diffussion) - vacancies toward grain boundaries

Herring-Nabarro (volume diffussion) - vacancies towards interstices

77
Q

types of Polymorphs

A

Reconstructive Transformations - why diamond is considered metastable and dies not change to graphite
Order-disorder transformations Monoclinic High temp Sanidine for disorder transformations then Triclinic High Pressure Microcline for ordered transformations
Displacive transformations - Rearrangement of stoms without breaking bonds

78
Q

types of Pseudomorphs

A

Replacement, Loss of constituent, casts

79
Q

what is the crystal system of ice

A

Hexagonal

80
Q

Common Crystal Habits

A

Equant cube, Tabular tablet, Plate thin plates or sheets, Prismatic Pillar-like, Bladed blade like, Acicular needle like, Capillary hair like

81
Q

differentiate geode from concretion

A

Geode- inward crystallizations
Concretion - grow outward crystals

82
Q

when does a geode show bands for a habit, when if it is drusy, divergent, or reticulated

A

Bands if it is precipitation of microscopic minerals
Drusy if larger crystals

83
Q

what hardness scale gives absolute hardness of minerals?

A

Knoop scale of hardness

84
Q

striations of plagioclase could be the result of?

A

polysynthetic twinning

85
Q

these are garnets usually seen in regional metamorphic rocks, carbonstes and skarns

A

Grossularite and Andradite

86
Q

it is a Zinc epidote

A

Hemimorphite (Zn4(Si2O7)(OH)2*H2O

87
Q

examples of Epidote

A

Epidote, Clinkzoisite and Allanite - Monoclinics

Piemontite -Mn-Rich
Zoisite- orthorhombic
Lawsonite and Vesuvianite (idocrase)

88
Q

triangle, square, and hexagon examples of Cyclosilicates

A

triangle - Benitoite (BaTiSiOl3O9)
Square - Axinite (Ca,Fe,Mn)3Al2(BO3)(Si4O12)OH
Hexagon- Beryl, tourmaline and cordierite

89
Q

General formula of Pyroxene and Amphibole

A

Pyroxene CYSi2O6
pyroxenoids - Wollastonite (Ca3Si3O9)
Rhodonite (Mn5Si5O15)
Amphibole - X2Y5(S8O22)OH

90
Q

what minerals act as octahedral sites for phyllosilicates

A

Gibbsite Al(OH)3
Brucite - Mg(oh)2

91
Q

what are the structures of serpentine, talc, and chlorite

A

Serpentine - T-B
Talc - T-B-T
Pyrophyllite - T-G-T
Chlorite - T-B-T-B

92
Q

what is the structure of various micas?

A

Biotite and Phlogopite - T-B-T
Muscovite and Lepidolite - T-G-T

93
Q

differentiate kandite, illite, and smectite groups in terms of structure

A

Kandite - T-G
Illite - T-G-T
Smectite- t-B-T

94
Q

what clay is said to be hazardous in foundation building due to its shrink and swell properties

A

Montmorillonite - (Ca,Na)(Mg,Fe,Al)3 AlSi3O10(OH)2 *H2O

95
Q

how much percent do tectosilicates take up the crust?

A

75%

96
Q

variations of Chert and Chalcedony

A

Chert:
Chert white-gray
Flint Dark-gray
prase green
Jasper red

Chalcedony (Water bearing radiating microcrystalline quartz)
Carnelian red
sard yellow-brown
chrysprase green

97
Q

it is a green colored microcline

A

Amazonite

98
Q

Enumerate the common Foids

A

Cancrinite
Lazurite
Leucite
Nepheline
Scapolite
Sodalite

99
Q

enumerate common Zeolites

A

Heulandite
Laumontite
Clinoptilolite
Chabazite
Natrolite
Stillbite
Analcime

100
Q

what fracture is common among the gold group of native metals

A

Hackly fracture

101
Q

what elements belong to the platinum group

A

Pt, Pd,Os,Ir

102
Q

differentiate kamacite and Taenite

A

Taenite - Ni rich
Kamacite - Fe rich

103
Q

what mineral is said to be an alteration product of Nepheline?

A

Cancrinite

104
Q

What mineral was known to be used for refining bauxite?

A

Cryolite - Na3AlF6

105
Q

Minerals under the Aragonite group

A

Cerrusite PbCO3
Witherite BaCO3
Strontianite SrCO3

106
Q

Give examples of Borates

A

Borax
Colemanite
Ulexite
Kernite

107
Q

A phosphate known to be a mineral for collecting REEs

A

Monazite (Ce,Y,La,Th(PO4))

108
Q

A sulfate associated with galena

A

Anglesite

109
Q

what are the 2 Cu hydroxycarbonates?

A

Malachite - Cu2CO3(OH)2
Azurite - Cu3 (CO3)2(OH)2

110
Q

what is the formula of Epsomite?

A

MgSO4 *7H2O

111
Q

Differentiate Wolframite from Wulfemite

A

Wolframite Fe,Mn WO4
Wulfemite Pb Mo4

112
Q

it is a mechanism in a petro microscope that adjusts the light intensity

A

Rheostat

113
Q

it is the gap between the slow and Fast ray

A

Retardation

114
Q

it is the difference of the minimum and maximum refractive indices

A

Birefringence

115
Q

these are rainbow bands found in a specimen during conoscopic projection

A

Isochromes

116
Q

An extinction commonly found in biotite and muscovite

A

Bird’s eye extinction

117
Q

Parallel intergrowths found in Pyroxenes

A

Schiller structures

118
Q

a law that states that the greater the decrease in the speed of light as it is transimitted through a medium, the grater it will bend towards that medium

A

Snell’s law

119
Q

The refractive index can have a value less than 1 true or false?

A

false

120
Q

what do the various sections in a uniaxial indicatrix project as klit is parallel to the stage?

A

circular section - centered optic axis figure
Random section - Off-centered
Principal Section - Uniaxial Flash Figure

121
Q

the Ordimary ray will always travel along the?

A

C axis

122
Q

what does epsilon and omega represent in terms of the extraordinary and ordinary ray respectively, it’s path or it’s vibration?

A

Vibration

vibration is perpendicular to the path, as the indicatrix spheroid represents Epsilon and omega and not the ray path, this means Omega is in the xy plane while the Epsilon is parallel to the c axis

123
Q

why are isotropic minerals not seen in XPL?

A

Bacause XPL has blocked out all light rays

When light enters an isotropic medium, no
double refraction occurs; it does not split into
two rays. This explains why (1) as plane
polarized light enters an isotropic medium, it
continues to vibrate in the same plane as it
passes, and (2) all light that leaves the iso-
tropic medium is extinguished by the analyzer
so that isotropic materials remain at extinc-
tion under crossed polars in all positions of
the stage.

124
Q

combines rotation about an axis with inversion through a center

A

Rotoinversion

125
Q

a symmetry operation that combines translation parallel to an axis with rotation about the axis

A

screw rotation

126
Q
A

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