Earth Mat Flashcards - Ch 1-6
Volume Mass of the layers of the Earth
Crust - <1% volume
Mantle - 83% volume, 68% Mass
Core - 16% volume, 32% mass
Depth of each layer of the earth
Litho- crust to upper mantle
Astheno- 100km to 660km
Mesosphere- 660-2900
Outer core- 2900-5150
inner core- 5150-6370
age and location of oldest oceanic crust
less than 180 mya, N. Atlantic and W. Pacific
Age of oldest continental crust
4.03 ga at NW territories Canada
Greenland and Australia greenstone belts -4.28 ga
Features of divergent boundaries
Continental rifts
Oceanic ridge system
Features of Convergent Boundaries
Subduction zones
Continental Collisions
Feature of Left stepping sinistral fault and right stepping sinistral fault
Pull-apart basin
Orogen
Examples of Hotspots
oceanic - Hawaii
Continental - Yellowstone
Divergent - Iceland
mass of subatomic particles
proton - 1.00728 amu
neutron - 1.00867 amu
Electron - 0.0000054 amu
Names of Hydrogen Isotopes
Hydrogen 1 - Hydrogen (protium)
Hydrogen 2 - Deuterium
Hydrogen 3 - Tritium
Properties of an electron
Principal Quantum no. or shell
Azimuthal Quantum no. or subshell
Magnetic Quantum no.
Spin no.
Energy required to remove an electron from its electron cloud
Ionization energy
elements that have low required 1st ionization energy
Electropositive elements
who introduced the concept of Electronegativity
Linus Pauling 1929
a uniaxial positive indicatrix has a shape of?
Prolate spheroid
what is electrical Neutrality
concept wherein amount of elements in a molecule must be equal to be stable with respect to their charges/electron configuration
what are the attractive and repulsive forces between ions of opposite charges
Coulomb attraction
Born Repulsion
Types of chemical bonds in Minerals
Ionic
covalent
metallic
van der waals
hydrogen bond
what bond is present with electronegativity difference of more than 1.68?
Ionic
covalent if less than 1.68
what are Pauling’s Rules
rules in cation-anion relationships in ionic bonds
1. Radius sum determines polyhedron formed by anions for each cation
2. Electrostatic valency rule - ionic is stable if sum of strength of bonds equals the charge of anions and cations themselves
3. Shared edges in polyhedra decreases stability, same charge and components share corners instead
4.High valency charge cations and Small coordination numbers dont share polyhedron elements
5. Rule of Parsimony- no. of diff cations and anions in a crydtal structure are small
Coordination number vs Coordination Polyhedron
CN - no. of nearest ions or atoms
CP - cluster of atoms bonded to coordination atoms
Trends in Radius Ratio:
Rcation/Ranion
<0.155 CN =2, Linear
0.155-0.225 CN =3, Triangular
0.225-0.414 CN =4, Tetrahedral
0.414-0.732 CN =6, Octahedral
0.732-1 CN =8, Cubic
>1 CN =12, Cubic, Hexagonal closest packed
when is substition of ions available?
if atomic radii difference are within 10-15%, limited if it exceeds and negligible if greater than 30%
describe substition in one coordination site compared to multiple
one coordination site - limited with ions of the same charge to maintain stability.
multiple - ions lf different charge are permitted so long as another coordination site is there to neutralize