Earth Mat Flashcards - Ch 1-6
Volume Mass of the layers of the Earth
Crust - <1% volume
Mantle - 83% volume, 68% Mass
Core - 16% volume, 32% mass
Depth of each layer of the earth
Litho- crust to upper mantle
Astheno- 100km to 660km
Mesosphere- 660-2900
Outer core- 2900-5150
inner core- 5150-6370
age and location of oldest oceanic crust
less than 180 mya, N. Atlantic and W. Pacific
Age of oldest continental crust
4.03 ga at NW territories Canada
Greenland and Australia greenstone belts -4.28 ga
Features of divergent boundaries
Continental rifts
Oceanic ridge system
Features of Convergent Boundaries
Subduction zones
Continental Collisions
Feature of Left stepping sinistral fault and right stepping sinistral fault
Pull-apart basin
Orogen
Examples of Hotspots
oceanic - Hawaii
Continental - Yellowstone
Divergent - Iceland
mass of subatomic particles
proton - 1.00728 amu
neutron - 1.00867 amu
Electron - 0.0000054 amu
Names of Hydrogen Isotopes
Hydrogen 1 - Hydrogen (protium)
Hydrogen 2 - Deuterium
Hydrogen 3 - Tritium
Properties of an electron
Principal Quantum no. or shell
Azimuthal Quantum no. or subshell
Magnetic Quantum no.
Spin no.
Energy required to remove an electron from its electron cloud
Ionization energy
elements that have low required 1st ionization energy
Electropositive elements
who introduced the concept of Electronegativity
Linus Pauling 1929
a uniaxial positive indicatrix has a shape of?
Prolate spheroid
what is electrical Neutrality
concept wherein amount of elements in a molecule must be equal to be stable with respect to their charges/electron configuration
what are the attractive and repulsive forces between ions of opposite charges
Coulomb attraction
Born Repulsion
Types of chemical bonds in Minerals
Ionic
covalent
metallic
van der waals
hydrogen bond
what bond is present with electronegativity difference of more than 1.68?
Ionic
covalent if less than 1.68
what are Pauling’s Rules
rules in cation-anion relationships in ionic bonds
1. Radius sum determines polyhedron formed by anions for each cation
2. Electrostatic valency rule - ionic is stable if sum of strength of bonds equals the charge of anions and cations themselves
3. Shared edges in polyhedra decreases stability, same charge and components share corners instead
4.High valency charge cations and Small coordination numbers dont share polyhedron elements
5. Rule of Parsimony- no. of diff cations and anions in a crydtal structure are small
Coordination number vs Coordination Polyhedron
CN - no. of nearest ions or atoms
CP - cluster of atoms bonded to coordination atoms
Trends in Radius Ratio:
Rcation/Ranion
<0.155 CN =2, Linear
0.155-0.225 CN =3, Triangular
0.225-0.414 CN =4, Tetrahedral
0.414-0.732 CN =6, Octahedral
0.732-1 CN =8, Cubic
>1 CN =12, Cubic, Hexagonal closest packed
when is substition of ions available?
if atomic radii difference are within 10-15%, limited if it exceeds and negligible if greater than 30%
describe substition in one coordination site compared to multiple
one coordination site - limited with ions of the same charge to maintain stability.
multiple - ions lf different charge are permitted so long as another coordination site is there to neutralize
exists when ions of same radii and charge substitute in a coordination site
Simple complete substitution
includes complete solid solution, were components (end members) can substitute in any proportion
what is Coupled ionic substitution
type of substitution where ions of diff charges in 2 different structural sites preserves the neutrality kf the crystal lattice
caused by different size limit of ions existing in its end components
Limited Ionic substitution
solid solution proportions that do not exist in nature due to atomic radii diff of components, could also exhibit exsolution
Miscibility gaps
what is a phase and a phase stability diagram
phase- mechanically seperable part of a system
diagram - disblay stable fields
compare eutectic and peritectic point
Eutectic- Condition where melt is in equilibrium w/ 2 diff solids
Peritectic - reaction occurs between a pre-existing solid phase and melt to produce a new solid phase
Compare invariant and incongruent melting
Invariant - occurs when rocks of different origin material melts into one material of same composition (opposite of eutectic)
Incongruent Melting - when a solid mineral phase melts to produce a melt and a different mineral with a different composition from the initial mineral
Compare continous and discontinous melting
continous - crystals and melt react to continously and incrementally change the composition of both, rewuires a solid solution
discontinous - crystals and melt react to produce a completely diff mineral negligible solid solution exists between the minerals
what does the solvus designate?
phase boundary line that seperares conditions in which complete solid solution occurs within a mineral series from conditions under which solid solution is limited
rule that governs the no. of phases that can coexist in equilibrium in any system
Gibbs Phase Rule
Phase = Components +2 - Freedom
where are stishovite and coesite usually found?
impact metamorphism, bomb sites, deep mantle
where are stishovite and coesite usually found?
impact metamorphism, bomb sites, deep mantle
Points and trends of the Silica phase diagram
Low Qtz - max 1200c at 3 gpa Hexagonal
High qtz - 500c to 1800c at 4gPa hexagonal
tridymite - 900c to 1400c less than 1 gpa Monoclinic
cristobalite -1400c to 1600c less than 1 gPa Tetragonal
coesite - From 2 GPa Monoclinic
stishovite - From 7.5 GPa Tetragonal
trends and points of Plagioclase 2 component phase diagram
NaAlSi4O8 Albite melting - 1118c
CaAlSi4O8 Anorthite - 1513c
trends and points in Anorthite- Diopside diagram, 2component nk solid solution phase diagram
CaAlSi4O8 Anorthite
CaMgSi2O6 Clinopyroxene Diopside
Anorthite liquidus - 1553c
Diopside Liquidus - 1392 c
Solidus - 1274c
trends and points of Albite and Orthoclase
perthite antiperthitr cut off - 40% orthoclase
>40 perthite then vice versa
comllete solid solution at 670c
Nepheline - Silica
NaSiO4 Nepheline
SiO2 Silica
67% cutoff of saturation for silica anything less is undersaturated then vice versa is over saturated
1070c melt of nepheline
1060c in silica
nepheline reacts with silica through discontinous melting to form albite
Trends and points of Forsterite-enstatite-Silica
MgSiO4 Forsterite
MgSi2O6 Enstatite
SiO2 Silica
Peritectic - 1585c
Eutectic - 1540c
Forsterite - 1880c liquidus
line of peritectic is at 30% silica
what are the percentages of abundance of oxygen and carbon isotopes?
O16 -99.7
O18 -0.2
O17- rare
C12 98.9
C13 1.1
C14 Radioactive
what is smow and what specimen was used for its basis?
Standard mean ocean water - describes the standard of O18/O16 ratios based from a belemnite of Pee Dee Formation of the Cretaceous perios due to the period being unusually warm
why are high O18/O16 ratios could mean glacial periods?
High ratios in ocean water could mean high rates of evaporation where vapor accumulated in the form of snow in glaciers.
These are trapped methane in underwayer environments that accumulated to the surface and caused the Paleocene-Eocene thermal maximum
Clathrates
percentage of ions that K40 decays into?
91% becomes Ca 40
9% becomes Ar40
fill in the appropriate isotope that the parent isotope decays into:
U238 -
U235 -
Th234 -
U238 - Pb206
U235 - Pb207
Th234 - Pb206
types of symmetry operations and their corressponding letter in expressions
Translation (t)
Rotation (n)
Reflection (m) enantiomorphic operations - changes handedness
Inversion (i or c)
Glide Reflection (g)
Rotoinversion (nbar)
screw inversion (n subscript a)
smallest unit of pattern that generate long range pattern seen in crystals
Motif
Repetition of motifs bound by a set of rules
symmetry operations
A point used to represent a motif
node
produce repetition of a unit of pattern or motif using a single type of operation
simple symmetry operations
periodic repetition of nodes or motifs by systematic linear displacement; Is defined by what?
Translation; Unit translation Vector (t)
A result of 2D translation? 3D?
Plane lattice/Mesh ; Space Lattice / Crystal Lattice
Symmetry operations that change the handedness of motifs are called
enantiomorphic operations
equidistant repetitions of component by projection perpendicular to a plane? through a common point?
Reflection; Inversion
In a plane point 6mm, what does these symbols represent
6 - rotational axis
1st m - mirror plane
2nd m - mirror plane bisecting the first one
combines translation with reflection
glide reflection
how is face, form, and line written?
face - (1 1 1)
form - {1 1 1}
line - [1 1 1]
Simple 2D node translation produces 5 meshes/nets and their unit meshes, what are those
Square : Square
Rectangle : Rectangle (p)
Diamond : Rectangle (c)
Hexagonal : Hexagon
Oblique : Parallelogram
enumerate open crystal forms
Pedions - single faces
Pinacoids - Pair of parallel faces
Prisms - more than 3 faces parallel to an axis
Pyramid - more than 3 faces intersect at an axis
Domes - pair symmetrical to a mirror plane
Sphenoids - pair symmetrical to an axis of rotation
how many Bravais Lattices?
14
it is the reciprocal of Miller Indices
Weiss Parameters
it is the surface where twins are joined
Composite surfaces
Describes the symmetry operation and plane involved in twinning
Twin Law
Gypsum usually exhibits twinning called?
Swallowtail
A twinning feature seen in Potassium feldspars
Carlsbad twinning
compare contact twins and penetration twins
Contact twins do not seem to penetrate each other
Penetrate twins penetrate
compare simple vs multiple twins
simple twins = 2
multiple means more than 2
compare growth vs mechanical twins
growth- during mineral growth
mechanical- transformed due to deformations such as in calcite
Differentiate Frenkel vs Schottky defects
Frenkel - structural site is vacant as ion moves to an interstitial site
Schottky - vacance is balanced by substitution of charge of surrounding ions
among the defects, which is 0D, 1D, and 2D
Point 0D
line 1D
plane 2D
types of Point Defects
Substitution - ions with big radii or charge substitute normal ions distorting its structure
Interstitial - occupy spaces between structural sites
Omission - unoccupied structural sites
types of Line Defects and it’s cause
line defects aka Dislocations have 2 types:
Edge - a column of atomsget sheared towards a direction while a half stays in place distorting it’s structure
screw - same causes with edge but in a rotating motion
Types of Diffussion creeps
Coble (grain-boundary diffussion) - vacancies toward grain boundaries
Herring-Nabarro (volume diffussion) - vacancies towards interstices
types of Polymorphs
Reconstructive Transformations - why diamond is considered metastable and dies not change to graphite
Order-disorder transformations Monoclinic High temp Sanidine for disorder transformations then Triclinic High Pressure Microcline for ordered transformations
Displacive transformations - Rearrangement of stoms without breaking bonds
types of Pseudomorphs
Replacement, Loss of constituent, casts
what is the crystal system of ice
Hexagonal
Common Crystal Habits
Equant cube, Tabular tablet, Plate thin plates or sheets, Prismatic Pillar-like, Bladed blade like, Acicular needle like, Capillary hair like
differentiate geode from concretion
Geode- inward crystallizations
Concretion - grow outward crystals
when does a geode show bands for a habit, when if it is drusy, divergent, or reticulated
Bands if it is precipitation of microscopic minerals
Drusy if larger crystals
what hardness scale gives absolute hardness of minerals?
Knoop scale of hardness
striations of plagioclase could be the result of?
polysynthetic twinning
these are garnets usually seen in regional metamorphic rocks, carbonstes and skarns
Grossularite and Andradite
it is a Zinc epidote
Hemimorphite (Zn4(Si2O7)(OH)2*H2O
examples of Epidote
Epidote, Clinkzoisite and Allanite - Monoclinics
Piemontite -Mn-Rich
Zoisite- orthorhombic
Lawsonite and Vesuvianite (idocrase)
triangle, square, and hexagon examples of Cyclosilicates
triangle - Benitoite (BaTiSiOl3O9)
Square - Axinite (Ca,Fe,Mn)3Al2(BO3)(Si4O12)OH
Hexagon- Beryl, tourmaline and cordierite
General formula of Pyroxene and Amphibole
Pyroxene CYSi2O6
pyroxenoids - Wollastonite (Ca3Si3O9)
Rhodonite (Mn5Si5O15)
Amphibole - X2Y5(S8O22)OH
what minerals act as octahedral sites for phyllosilicates
Gibbsite Al(OH)3
Brucite - Mg(oh)2
what are the structures of serpentine, talc, and chlorite
Serpentine - T-B
Talc - T-B-T
Pyrophyllite - T-G-T
Chlorite - T-B-T-B
what is the structure of various micas?
Biotite and Phlogopite - T-B-T
Muscovite and Lepidolite - T-G-T
differentiate kandite, illite, and smectite groups in terms of structure
Kandite - T-G
Illite - T-G-T
Smectite- t-B-T
what clay is said to be hazardous in foundation building due to its shrink and swell properties
Montmorillonite - (Ca,Na)(Mg,Fe,Al)3 AlSi3O10(OH)2 *H2O
how much percent do tectosilicates take up the crust?
75%
variations of Chert and Chalcedony
Chert:
Chert white-gray
Flint Dark-gray
prase green
Jasper red
Chalcedony (Water bearing radiating microcrystalline quartz)
Carnelian red
sard yellow-brown
chrysprase green
it is a green colored microcline
Amazonite
Enumerate the common Foids
Cancrinite
Lazurite
Leucite
Nepheline
Scapolite
Sodalite
enumerate common Zeolites
Heulandite
Laumontite
Clinoptilolite
Chabazite
Natrolite
Stillbite
Analcime
what fracture is common among the gold group of native metals
Hackly fracture
what elements belong to the platinum group
Pt, Pd,Os,Ir
differentiate kamacite and Taenite
Taenite - Ni rich
Kamacite - Fe rich
what mineral is said to be an alteration product of Nepheline?
Cancrinite
What mineral was known to be used for refining bauxite?
Cryolite - Na3AlF6
Minerals under the Aragonite group
Cerrusite PbCO3
Witherite BaCO3
Strontianite SrCO3
Give examples of Borates
Borax
Colemanite
Ulexite
Kernite
A phosphate known to be a mineral for collecting REEs
Monazite (Ce,Y,La,Th(PO4))
A sulfate associated with galena
Anglesite
what are the 2 Cu hydroxycarbonates?
Malachite - Cu2CO3(OH)2
Azurite - Cu3 (CO3)2(OH)2
what is the formula of Epsomite?
MgSO4 *7H2O
Differentiate Wolframite from Wulfemite
Wolframite Fe,Mn WO4
Wulfemite Pb Mo4
it is a mechanism in a petro microscope that adjusts the light intensity
Rheostat
it is the gap between the slow and Fast ray
Retardation
it is the difference of the minimum and maximum refractive indices
Birefringence
these are rainbow bands found in a specimen during conoscopic projection
Isochromes
An extinction commonly found in biotite and muscovite
Bird’s eye extinction
Parallel intergrowths found in Pyroxenes
Schiller structures
a law that states that the greater the decrease in the speed of light as it is transimitted through a medium, the grater it will bend towards that medium
Snell’s law
The refractive index can have a value less than 1 true or false?
false
what do the various sections in a uniaxial indicatrix project as klit is parallel to the stage?
circular section - centered optic axis figure
Random section - Off-centered
Principal Section - Uniaxial Flash Figure
the Ordimary ray will always travel along the?
C axis
what does epsilon and omega represent in terms of the extraordinary and ordinary ray respectively, it’s path or it’s vibration?
Vibration
vibration is perpendicular to the path, as the indicatrix spheroid represents Epsilon and omega and not the ray path, this means Omega is in the xy plane while the Epsilon is parallel to the c axis
why are isotropic minerals not seen in XPL?
Bacause XPL has blocked out all light rays
When light enters an isotropic medium, no
double refraction occurs; it does not split into
two rays. This explains why (1) as plane
polarized light enters an isotropic medium, it
continues to vibrate in the same plane as it
passes, and (2) all light that leaves the iso-
tropic medium is extinguished by the analyzer
so that isotropic materials remain at extinc-
tion under crossed polars in all positions of
the stage.
combines rotation about an axis with inversion through a center
Rotoinversion
a symmetry operation that combines translation parallel to an axis with rotation about the axis
screw rotation
