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GLE Reviews > Earth Mat Flashcards - Ch 12 > Flashcards

Earth Mat Flashcards - Ch 12

1
Q

relation of slopes to weathering

A

steep : short term and incomplete decomp
gentle : long term more thorough

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2
Q

The pressure exerted on buried rock objects at depth is referred to as

A

lithostatic pressure or confining pressure

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3
Q

the decrease in lithostatic pressure or load

A

unloading or confining pressure

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4
Q

fractures sub parralel to surface

A

sheet joints

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5
Q

sheet joints resembling onions

A

exfoliation

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6
Q

kind of frost action that occurs along fractures oriented steep to surface

A

frost wedging

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7
Q

kind of frost action that develops along bedding planes and/or sheet fractures

A

frost heaving

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8
Q

occurs when clays and micas expand and wetted

A

slaking

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9
Q

result from daily or seasonal changes in rock temp that cause significant amounts of disintigration

A

thermal volume changes / insolation

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10
Q

an example of interplay between disintigeration and decomposition where spaced rectangular joints develop into spheroidal forms

A

spheroidal weathering

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11
Q

most significant agent of decomposition

A

downward pecrolating water

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12
Q

occurs when a mineral or other soil component is wholly or partially dissolved during chemical decomposition

A

dissolution

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13
Q

Major decomp process

A

Dissolution
Ion Exchange
Hydrolysis
Hydration
Oxidation
Chelation

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14
Q

occurs when ions are directly exchanged between a mineral and a solution.

A

Ion exchange

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15
Q

is a chemical reaction between a mineral and water in which dissolved hydrogen ions and/or hydroxyl ions are added to form one or more new minerals.

A

hydrolysis

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16
Q

most abundant group of new minerals produced during chemical decomposition

A

clays

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17
Q

hydrolysis product of Feldspars? Mafics?

A

Kaolinite and Orthosilicic Acid
Pyrolusite and Orthosilicic acid

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18
Q

Orthosilisic acid is also known as

A

dissolved silica

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19
Q

involves the addition of water to a crystal structure during the reaction between a mineral and the aqueous solution.

A

Hydration

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20
Q

the anhydrous calcium sulfate mineral? its hydrated counterpart?

A

anhydrite; gypsum

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21
Q

the anhydrous iron oxide mineral? its hydrated counterpart?

A

hematite; goethite

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22
Q

chemical rxn where electrons are transferred from a cation in the mineral to an anion, increasing its valence

A

Oxidation

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23
Q

requirement of oxide mineral formation

A

loss of electrons

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24
Q

oxidation product of fayalite

A

hematite

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25
oxidation product of rhodonite
manganite
26
hematite can also be the oxidation product of which sulfide
pyrite
27
how does hematite turn back to pyrite
through reduction rxn combination with sulfate and the conversion of ferric (+3) to ferrous (+2)
28
organic hydrocarbon ring complexes produced by lichen and humus decay
chelates
29
how are chelates important in decomposition
highly soluble binds to metallic elements
30
a process where chelated binds to metallic elements, which removes them from solution
chelation
31
mineral concentration in mineral water
exceeding 250 ppm
32
concentration of dissolved solids in natural rain water
10 ppm
33
taste of various ions found in water
Hydrogen - sour Sodium - salty Sulfates and Chlorides - Bitter
34
the process of adding soluble gypsum in breweries
burtonize
35
detrital sediments that resisted decomposition
resistates
36
the oppposite of resistates
New Minerals
37
states that the susceptibility of common igneous minerals is inversely proportional to their crystallization temperatures as summarized in Bowen ’ s reaction series
Goldlich ’ s rule
38
heavier minerals (SG > 2.8) least susceptible to decomposition
rutile, tourmaline, zircon
39
what happens when erosion rates are high
materials removed before significant decomposition chemically unstable materials dispered on depositional areas
40
what happens when erosion rates are low
stays in source area, decomposes longer resistant detritus delivered in areas of deposition
41
clay definitions
Compositional term : phyllosilicates Textural term : < 0.004 mm diameter particle
42
Silica rich tetrahedral layers
S Layer / T layer
43
Gibbsite Octahdral layer
G Layers
44
Brucite octahedral layer
B Layers
45
Octahedral G and B layers can be called a
O Layers
46
The layer types only permit how many majour clay mineral groups
4
47
Two Layer (S-G) or (T-O) clays
Kandites
48
Basic kandite Layer
single tetrahedral layer bonded to a single octahedral layer
49
Kandites are somtimes referred to as
7 angstrom clays
50
example of a kandite
kaolinites
51
repeat distance between clay layers
d-spacing
52
three layer clays (S-G-S) or (T-O-T)
Illite
53
Illite layer
Single octahedral layer sanwiched between tetrahedral layer
54
it is where the paired cation susbstitution happend in illite clays
interlayer spance (//)
55
Illites are somtimes referred to as
10 angstrom clays
56
three layer clays (S-G-S) or (T-O-T) or (S-B-S)
Smectites
57
Smectite layer
Octahedral (G and/Or B) sanwiched between tetrahedral layers with highly expandable interlayer sites
58
repeat distance of smectites
10 to 21 angstroms
59
sodium rich smectite
montmorillionite
60
four layer clays (S-B-S+B)
chlorites
61
basic smectite layer
Brucite layer sandwiched between tetrahedral layer with an additional brucite layer with a different composition
62
smectites are somtimes referred to as
14 angstrom clays
63
Hybrid clays, which contain stacked layer sequences characteristic of more than one type of clay mineral, are called
mixed layer clays .
64
lack interlayer constituents due to pore waters or other chemical alteration
degraded clay minerals
65
Fe₂O₃
Hematite:
66
FeOOH
Goethite
67
FeOOH · nH₂O
Limonite
68
Mn(OH)₂
Pyrolusite:
69
MnO₂
Manganite
70
BaMnMn₈O₁₆(OH)₄
Romanechite

GLE Reviews (26 decks)

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