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GLE Reviews > Earth Mat Flashcards - Ch 12 > Flashcards

Earth Mat Flashcards - Ch 12

1
Q

relation of slopes to weathering

A

steep : short term and incomplete decomp
gentle : long term more thorough

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2
Q

The pressure exerted on buried rock objects at depth is referred to as

A

lithostatic pressure or confining pressure

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3
Q

the decrease in lithostatic pressure or load

A

unloading or confining pressure

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4
Q

fractures sub parralel to surface

A

sheet joints

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5
Q

sheet joints resembling onions

A

exfoliation

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6
Q

kind of frost action that occurs along fractures oriented steep to surface

A

frost wedging

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7
Q

kind of frost action that develops along bedding planes and/or sheet fractures

A

frost heaving

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8
Q

occurs when clays and micas expand and wetted

A

slaking

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9
Q

result from daily or seasonal changes in rock temp that cause significant amounts of disintigration

A

thermal volume changes / insolation

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10
Q

an example of interplay between disintigeration and decomposition where spaced rectangular joints develop into spheroidal forms

A

spheroidal weathering

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11
Q

most significant agent of decomposition

A

downward pecrolating water

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12
Q

occurs when a mineral or other soil component is wholly or partially dissolved during chemical decomposition

A

dissolution

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13
Q

Major decomp process

A

Dissolution
Ion Exchange
Hydrolysis
Hydration
Oxidation
Chelation

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14
Q

occurs when ions are directly exchanged between a mineral and a solution.

A

Ion exchange

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15
Q

is a chemical reaction between a mineral and water in which dissolved hydrogen ions and/or hydroxyl ions are added to form one or more new minerals.

A

hydrolysis

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16
Q

most abundant group of new minerals produced during chemical decomposition

A

clays

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17
Q

hydrolysis product of Feldspars? Mafics?

A

Kaolinite and Orthosilicic Acid
Pyrolusite and Orthosilicic acid

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18
Q

Orthosilisic acid is also known as

A

dissolved silica

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19
Q

involves the addition of water to a crystal structure during the reaction between a mineral and the aqueous solution.

A

Hydration

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20
Q

the anhydrous calcium sulfate mineral? its hydrated counterpart?

A

anhydrite; gypsum

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21
Q

the anhydrous iron oxide mineral? its hydrated counterpart?

A

hematite; goethite

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22
Q

chemical rxn where electrons are transferred from a cation in the mineral to an anion, increasing its valence

A

Oxidation

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23
Q

requirement of oxide mineral formation

A

loss of electrons

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24
Q

oxidation product of fayalite

A

hematite

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25
Q

oxidation product of rhodonite

A

manganite

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26
Q

hematite can also be the oxidation product of which sulfide

A

pyrite

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27
Q

how does hematite turn back to pyrite

A

through reduction rxn
combination with sulfate and the conversion of ferric (+3) to ferrous (+2)

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28
Q

organic hydrocarbon ring complexes produced by lichen and humus decay

A

chelates

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29
Q

how are chelates important in decomposition

A

highly soluble
binds to metallic elements

30
Q

a process where chelated binds to metallic elements, which removes them from solution

A

chelation

31
Q

mineral concentration in mineral water

A

exceeding 250 ppm

32
Q

concentration of dissolved solids in natural rain water

A

10 ppm

33
Q

taste of various ions found in water

A

Hydrogen - sour
Sodium - salty
Sulfates and Chlorides - Bitter

34
Q

the process of adding soluble gypsum in breweries

A

burtonize

35
Q

detrital sediments that resisted decomposition

A

resistates

36
Q

the oppposite of resistates

A

New Minerals

37
Q

states that the susceptibility of common igneous minerals is inversely proportional to their crystallization temperatures as summarized in Bowen ’ s reaction series

A

Goldlich ’ s rule

38
Q

heavier minerals (SG > 2.8) least susceptible to decomposition

A

rutile, tourmaline, zircon

39
Q

what happens when erosion rates are high

A

materials removed before significant decomposition
chemically unstable materials dispered on depositional areas

40
Q

what happens when erosion rates are low

A

stays in source area, decomposes longer
resistant detritus delivered in areas of deposition

41
Q

clay definitions

A

Compositional term : phyllosilicates
Textural term : < 0.004 mm diameter particle

42
Q

Silica rich tetrahedral layers

A

S Layer / T layer

43
Q

Gibbsite Octahdral layer

A

G Layers

44
Q

Brucite octahedral layer

A

B Layers

45
Q

Octahedral G and B layers can be called a

A

O Layers

46
Q

The layer types only permit how many majour clay mineral groups

A

4

47
Q

Two Layer (S-G) or (T-O) clays

A

Kandites

48
Q

Basic kandite Layer

A

single tetrahedral layer bonded to a single octahedral layer

49
Q

Kandites are somtimes referred to as

A

7 angstrom clays

50
Q

example of a kandite

A

kaolinites

51
Q

repeat distance between clay layers

A

d-spacing

52
Q

three layer clays (S-G-S) or (T-O-T)

A

Illite

53
Q

Illite layer

A

Single octahedral layer sanwiched between tetrahedral layer

54
Q

it is where the paired cation susbstitution happend in illite clays

A

interlayer spance (//)

55
Q

Illites are somtimes referred to as

A

10 angstrom clays

56
Q

three layer clays (S-G-S) or (T-O-T) or (S-B-S)

A

Smectites

57
Q

Smectite layer

A

Octahedral (G and/Or B) sanwiched between tetrahedral layers with highly expandable interlayer sites

58
Q

repeat distance of smectites

A

10 to 21 angstroms

59
Q

sodium rich smectite

A

montmorillionite

60
Q

four layer clays (S-B-S+B)

A

chlorites

61
Q

basic smectite layer

A

Brucite layer sandwiched between tetrahedral layer with an additional brucite layer with a different composition

62
Q

smectites are somtimes referred to as

A

14 angstrom clays

63
Q

Hybrid clays, which contain stacked layer sequences characteristic of more than one type of clay mineral, are called

A

mixed layer clays .

64
Q

lack interlayer constituents due to pore waters or other chemical alteration

A

degraded clay minerals

65
Q

Fe₂O₃

A

Hematite:

66
Q

FeOOH

A

Goethite

67
Q

FeOOH · nH₂O

A

Limonite

68
Q

Mn(OH)₂

A

Pyrolusite:

69
Q

MnO₂

A

Manganite

70
Q

BaMnMn₈O₁₆(OH)₄

A

Romanechite

GLE Reviews (26 decks)

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