Earth Mat Flashcards - Ch 19 Flashcards by Bien Mendoza

a naturally occurring mineral or rock deposit sufficiently enriched in metal that it may be economically mined, processed and utilized for a profit.

Ore

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Bronze Age Duration
Iron Age Duration

3k - 2k BC
2k - 0 AD

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Enriched ore bodies commonly occur with sub - ore concentrations of __________ minerals , which are not economically
valuable.

gangue

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Rock less enriched in ore but may be economic in the future

protore

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

_______________ represent primary mineralization wherein ores form at tthe same time – synchronous – as the rock
_______________ form by secondary mineralization wherein ore concentrates some time after the rock has formed

Syngenetic ore deposits:
Epigenetic ore deposits

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

_____________ occurs as surface waters percolate downward, in so doing leaching near surface metals and concentrating them at deeper levels;
_____________ is a primary or syngenetic process that occurs as deep, upwelling magmatic fluids concentrate ore synchronous with rock development

Supergene enrichment:
Hypogene enrichment

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

are copper – zinc – lead sulfide deposits concentrated on the ocean floor at divergent and convergent plate boundaries.

Volcanogenic massive sulfide (VMS) deposits

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Minerals seen in black smokers
- Cpy, Py, Anh
- Cal, Wol, Py
- Gar, Qtz, Cpy
- Sph, Gyp, Anh

Cpy, Py, Anh

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

basalt - dominated vms deposits associated with ophiolites and enriched in copper, zinc, nickel, chromium and manganese and with minor amounts of silver and gold

Cyprus Type

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

are early formed convergent margin vms deposits containing basalt, rhyolite and greywacke rocks.
notable for their ore concentrations of copper and cobalt and only minor concentrations of zinc

Besshi

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Vms that are dominated by silicic rocks such as rhyolite.
enriched in copper, zinc and lead and may also contain substantial gold and silver

Kuroko Type

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Origins of each VMS Type

Cyprus - Ocean Ridge or BAB
Besshi - Nascent Volc Arc
Kuroko - Mature Volc Arc or BAB

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

a famour copper rift basin deposit

Keweenaw Basin, Lake Superior

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

At depth within Earth ’ s interior, ___________ separate from metal - rich, silicate magma.
results in concentration of metallic sulfides

immiscible metal sulfide liquids

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

the principal source of copper – form as silica - rich magma intrudes and fractures the host rock and subsequently crystallizes.

Porphyry Deposits

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Largest Open Pit porphyry Cu mine? owners?

Bingham or Kennecott Mine
Rio Tinto Owned

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Vein deposits are also known as

lode deposits

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Pegmatites are a primary source of

Be, Li, Ta, Nb, REE

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

are hydrothermallyaltered assemblages that contain thicksequences of volcanic suites and interbedded sedimentary layers.

Greenstone belts

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

A calcium pyroxenoid

wollastonite

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

calcium amphibole

tremolite

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

calcium pyroxene

diopside

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

calcium garnet

UGrAndite

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Skarns that develop in seds? igni?

Exoskarn; Endoskarn

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

banded iron formations (BIF) that consist of alternating iron - rich and silica - rich layers.

Superior - type

Ferrous minerals? Ferric?

Mag, Sid; Hem, Goe

deposits contain iron ore concentrations that occur in metasedimentary deposits, most of which are Archean

Algoma - type

Common minerals in sedex deposits

galena, sphalerite, pyrite and pyrrhotite (Basically Pb-Zn-Fe Sulfides)

deposits form from warm (<300 ° C) saline solutions that fl ow in the porespaces within permeable carbonate or sandstonerocks in deep sedimentary basins.

Mississippi Valley- type (MVT)

Specific gravities of minerals commonly found in placer deposits gold platinum silver uraninite cassiterite , columbite ilmenite and zircon chromite rutile and diamond .

gold (20), platinum (14 – 19), silver (10), uraninite (7.5 –10), cassiterite (6.8 – 7.1), columbite (5.2 – 7.3), ilmenite and zircon (4.7), chromite (4.6), rutile (4.2) and diamond (3.5).

A basin where uranium occurs as placer deposit

Athabasca Basin

Largest Uranium exporters

Kazakhstan, Canada, Namibia, Australia

was called ‘djaam’. It was believed to be a natural alloy of gold and silver

Electrum

tongue shaped sedimentary uranium deposits

roll-front deposits

primary PGE sources

layared gabbroic intrusions (Bushveld)

Countries that supplies PGE

Russia, US, Zimbabwe, Canada, Australia, S. Africa, Finland, Columbia, Ethiopia

A monoclinic gold telluride

Calaverite (AuTe2)

An isometric dimoprh of the Silver Sulfide Acanthite

Argentite (Ag2S)

Bauxite group of minerals

Diaspore Gibbsite Boehmite

A moniclinic beryllium phosphate

Beryllonite NaBePO4

Hexagonal beryllium cyclosilicate

Beryl Be3Al2(Si6O18)

Titanium Ore minerals

Fe2+TiO3 : Ilmenite (H) TiO2 : Rutile (T) TiO2 : Anatase (T)

are non - ferrous metals that oxidize easily.

Base metals

exhibits the phenomenon of phosphorescence and is utilized in electrical equipment

phosphor

is an impurity that alters the optical and electrical properties of semiconductors.

dopant

Minerals used as cleansing detergents include evaporate minerals such as

borax, halite and trona.

are inert, inexpensive materials that extend the volume of material at low cost

Fillers

fluxes used as minerals

Limestone - steel Cryolite - aluminum Fluorite - glass

What would the number seen in a pencil relate to -Hardness -Graphite : clay ratio -Graphite purity

-Graphite : clay ratio

durable, beautiful, somewhat rare, solid substances that, with proper cut and polish, may be used as jewels or for ornamentation

Gems

consist, respectively, of two or three layers fused together to resemble a single coherent crystal

Doublets and triplets

resemble gemstones but are composed of inferior materials

Imitation gems

Pt hardness; element mixed to increase it

4-4.5; iridium (5-10% wt)

Color v Tone v Intensity v Hue

Color - degree of hue, intensity, tone Tone - degree of lightness to darkness Intensity - saturation/purity of color Hue - function of frequency to light

refers to the tendency of a mineral to sparkle or radiate transmitted and refl ected light outward in all directions, producing a brilliant display of color and light.

Brilliance

a play of color characterized by an intermingled rain bow - like assortment of green, yellow, orange and blue

“ mother of pearl ” opalescence

refers to the ability of a gem to be worn and exposed to “ wear and tear ” .

Wearability

refers to the manner in which a jeweler has sliced the mineral specimen to enhance its natural beauty and increase its transparency, luster and brilliance.

Cut

cut features asmooth, rounded top and a flat base, resembling the form of a contact lens

cabochon

consists of flat, polished, planar surfaces (facets)

faceted cut

kinds of faceted cut

Upper flat surface : top, bezel , crown Center of crown: Table Base : Pavilion. Back Between Top n Bot : Girdle

Most common crystal forms of diamond

octahedron and dodecahedron

the four Cs that dictate gem quality of diamonds

Carat, Color, Clarity, Cut

1 karat of diamond is how many grams? points?

200mg; 100 points

colorless range; these are area and extremely expensive.

D-F

nearly colorless, wherein color is only detected under magnifi cation

G-J

faintly yellow, wherein slight yellow hues can be noted by the unaided eye

K-M

very light yellow, where a light yellow color is obvious

N-R

light yellow, where a yellow tinge is distinctly visible

S-Z

refers to the degree of flaws within a gem.

Clarity

refers to perfect clarity with no detectable imperfections either internally or on the surface of the crystal

Flawless (Fl)

contains small blemishes

Internally flawless (IF)

refer to crystals with near perfect clarity; inclusions seen at 10x by trained gemologists

Very very smal inclusions (VV1, VV2)

refer to crystals with fl aws that may be visible with a 10 × magnification hand lens

very smal inclusions (V1, V2)

contain inclusions visible to most individuals with a 10 × magnification hand lens. However, to the naked eye, the inclusions are not noticeable

Small inclusions (S1 , S2 )

diamonds contain flaws visible to the naked eye with the

Imperfect (I 1 , I 2 , I 3 ) flaws progressively increasing from I 1 to I 3 .

vitamin B12 can be found in what metal Iron Cobalt Nickel

Cobalt

Which of these minerals are carcinogenic -Arsenic, Copper, Iron, Cadmium -Beryllium, Mercury, Thallium, Tellurium -Thorium, Uranium, Radion

-Arsenic, Copper, Iron, Cadmium

Which of these minerals are Teratogenic -Indium, Lithium, Selenium, Tellurium -Zirconium, Cadmium, Arsenic, Cobalt -Radium, Radon, Uranium, Thorium

Indium, Lithium, Selenium, Tellurium

colors change under different lighting conditions

photochroism