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GLE Reviews > Earth Mat Flashcards - Ch 19 > Flashcards

Earth Mat Flashcards - Ch 19

1
Q

a naturally occurring mineral or rock deposit sufficiently enriched in metal that it may be economically mined, processed and utilized for a profit.

A

Ore

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2
Q

Bronze Age Duration
Iron Age Duration

A

3k - 2k BC
2k - 0 AD

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3
Q

Enriched ore bodies commonly occur with sub - ore concentrations of __________ minerals , which are not economically
valuable.

A

gangue

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4
Q

Rock less enriched in ore but may be economic in the future

A

protore

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5
Q

_______________ represent primary mineralization wherein ores form at tthe same time – synchronous – as the rock
_______________ form by secondary mineralization wherein ore concentrates some time after the rock has formed

A

Syngenetic ore deposits:
Epigenetic ore deposits

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6
Q

_____________ occurs as surface waters percolate downward, in so doing leaching near surface metals and concentrating them at deeper levels;
_____________ is a primary or syngenetic process that occurs as deep, upwelling magmatic fluids concentrate ore synchronous with rock development

A

Supergene enrichment:
Hypogene enrichment

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7
Q

are copper – zinc – lead sulfide deposits concentrated on the ocean floor at divergent and convergent plate boundaries.

A

Volcanogenic massive sulfide (VMS) deposits

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8
Q

Minerals seen in black smokers
- Cpy, Py, Anh
- Cal, Wol, Py
- Gar, Qtz, Cpy
- Sph, Gyp, Anh

A
  • Cpy, Py, Anh
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9
Q

basalt - dominated vms deposits associated with ophiolites and enriched in copper, zinc, nickel, chromium and manganese and with minor amounts of silver and gold

A

Cyprus Type

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10
Q

are early formed convergent margin vms deposits containing basalt, rhyolite and greywacke rocks.
notable for their ore concentrations of copper and cobalt and only minor concentrations of zinc

A

Besshi

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11
Q

Vms that are dominated by silicic rocks such as rhyolite.
enriched in copper, zinc and lead and may also contain substantial gold and silver

A

Kuroko Type

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12
Q

Origins of each VMS Type

A

Cyprus - Ocean Ridge or BAB
Besshi - Nascent Volc Arc
Kuroko - Mature Volc Arc or BAB

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13
Q

a famour copper rift basin deposit

A

Keweenaw Basin, Lake Superior

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14
Q

At depth within Earth ’ s interior, ___________ separate from metal - rich, silicate magma.
results in concentration of metallic sulfides

A

immiscible metal sulfide liquids

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15
Q

the principal source of copper – form as silica - rich magma intrudes and fractures the host rock and subsequently crystallizes.

A

Porphyry Deposits

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16
Q

Largest Open Pit porphyry Cu mine? owners?

A

Bingham or Kennecott Mine
Rio Tinto Owned

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17
Q

Vein deposits are also known as

A

lode deposits

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18
Q

Pegmatites are a primary source of

A

Be, Li, Ta, Nb, REE

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19
Q

are hydrothermallyaltered assemblages that contain thicksequences of volcanic suites and interbedded sedimentary layers.

A

Greenstone belts

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20
Q

A calcium pyroxenoid

A

wollastonite

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21
Q

calcium amphibole

A

tremolite

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22
Q

calcium pyroxene

A

diopside

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23
Q

calcium garnet

A

UGrAndite

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24
Q

Skarns that develop in seds? igni?

A

Exoskarn; Endoskarn

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25
Q

banded iron formations (BIF) that consist of alternating iron - rich and silica - rich layers.

A

Superior - type

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26
Q

Ferrous minerals?
Ferric?

A

Mag, Sid;
Hem, Goe

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27
Q

deposits contain iron ore concentrations that occur in metasedimentary
deposits, most of which are Archean

A

Algoma - type

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28
Q

Common minerals in sedex deposits

A

galena, sphalerite, pyrite and pyrrhotite
(Basically Pb-Zn-Fe Sulfides)

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29
Q

deposits form from warm (<300 ° C) saline solutions that fl ow in the porespaces within permeable carbonate or sandstonerocks in deep sedimentary basins.

A

Mississippi Valley- type (MVT)

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30
Q

Specific gravities of minerals commonly found in placer deposits
gold
platinum
silver
uraninite
cassiterite ,
columbite
ilmenite and zircon
chromite
rutile and diamond .

A

gold (20),
platinum (14 – 19),
silver (10),
uraninite (7.5 –10),
cassiterite (6.8 – 7.1),
columbite (5.2 – 7.3),
ilmenite and zircon (4.7),
chromite (4.6),
rutile (4.2) and diamond (3.5).

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31
Q

A basin where uranium occurs as placer deposit

A

Athabasca Basin

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32
Q

Largest Uranium exporters

A

Kazakhstan, Canada, Namibia, Australia

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33
Q

was called ‘djaam’. It was believed to be a natural alloy of gold and silver

A

Electrum

34
Q

tongue shaped sedimentary uranium deposits

A

roll-front deposits

35
Q

primary PGE sources

A

layared gabbroic intrusions (Bushveld)

36
Q

Countries that supplies PGE

A

Russia, US, Zimbabwe, Canada, Australia, S. Africa, Finland, Columbia, Ethiopia

37
Q

A monoclinic gold telluride

A

Calaverite (AuTe2)

38
Q

An isometric dimoprh of the Silver Sulfide Acanthite

A

Argentite (Ag2S)

39
Q

Bauxite group of minerals

A

Diaspore
Gibbsite
Boehmite

40
Q

A moniclinic beryllium phosphate

A

Beryllonite
NaBePO4

41
Q

Hexagonal beryllium cyclosilicate

A

Beryl
Be3Al2(Si6O18)

42
Q

Titanium Ore minerals

A

Fe2+TiO3 : Ilmenite (H)
TiO2 : Rutile (T)
TiO2 : Anatase (T)

43
Q

are non - ferrous metals that oxidize easily.

A

Base metals

44
Q

exhibits the phenomenon of phosphorescence and is utilized in electrical equipment

A

phosphor

45
Q

is an impurity that alters the optical and electrical properties of semiconductors.

A

dopant

46
Q

Minerals used as cleansing detergents include evaporate minerals such as

A

borax, halite and trona.

47
Q

are inert, inexpensive materials that extend the volume of material at low cost

A

Fillers

48
Q

fluxes used as minerals

A

Limestone - steel
Cryolite - aluminum
Fluorite - glass

49
Q

What would the number seen in a pencil relate to
-Hardness
-Graphite : clay ratio
-Graphite purity

A

-Graphite : clay ratio

50
Q

durable, beautiful, somewhat rare, solid substances that, with proper cut and polish, may be used as jewels or for ornamentation

A

Gems

51
Q

consist, respectively, of two or three layers fused together to resemble a single coherent crystal

A

Doublets and triplets

52
Q

resemble gemstones but are composed of inferior materials

A

Imitation gems

53
Q

Pt hardness;
element mixed to increase it

A

4-4.5;
iridium (5-10% wt)

54
Q

Color v Tone v Intensity v Hue

A

Color - degree of hue, intensity, tone
Tone - degree of lightness to darkness
Intensity - saturation/purity of color
Hue - function of frequency to light

55
Q

refers to the tendency of a mineral to sparkle or radiate transmitted and refl ected light outward in all directions, producing a brilliant display of color and light.

A

Brilliance

56
Q

a play of color characterized by an intermingled rain bow - like assortment of green, yellow, orange and blue

A

“ mother of pearl ” opalescence

57
Q

refers to the ability of a gem to be worn and exposed to “ wear and tear ” .

A

Wearability

58
Q

refers to the manner in which a jeweler has sliced the mineral specimen to enhance its natural beauty and increase its transparency, luster and brilliance.

A

Cut

59
Q

cut features asmooth, rounded top and a flat base, resembling the form of a contact lens

A

cabochon

60
Q

consists of flat, polished, planar surfaces (facets)

A

faceted cut

61
Q

kinds of faceted cut

A

Upper flat surface : top, bezel , crown
Center of crown: Table
Base : Pavilion. Back
Between Top n Bot : Girdle

62
Q

Most common crystal forms of diamond

A

octahedron and dodecahedron

63
Q

the four Cs that dictate gem quality of diamonds

A

Carat, Color, Clarity, Cut

64
Q

1 karat of diamond is how many grams? points?

A

200mg; 100 points

65
Q

colorless range; these are area and extremely expensive.

A

D-F

66
Q

nearly colorless, wherein color is only detected under magnifi cation

A

G-J

67
Q

faintly yellow, wherein slight yellow hues can be noted by the unaided eye

A

K-M

68
Q

very light yellow, where a light yellow color is obvious

A

N-R

69
Q

light yellow, where a yellow tinge is distinctly visible

A

S-Z

70
Q

refers to the degree of flaws within a gem.

A

Clarity

71
Q

refers to perfect clarity with no detectable imperfections either internally or on
the surface of the crystal

A

Flawless (Fl)

72
Q

contains small blemishes

A

Internally flawless (IF)

73
Q

refer to crystals with near perfect clarity; inclusions seen at 10x by trained gemologists

A

Very very smal inclusions (VV1, VV2)

74
Q

refer to crystals with fl aws that may be visible with a 10 × magnification hand lens

A

very smal inclusions (V1, V2)

75
Q

contain inclusions visible to most individuals with a 10 × magnification hand lens. However, to the naked eye, the inclusions are not noticeable

A

Small inclusions (S1 , S2 )

76
Q

diamonds contain flaws visible to the naked eye with the

A

Imperfect (I 1 , I 2 , I 3 )
flaws progressively increasing from I 1 to I 3 .

77
Q

vitamin B12 can be found in what metal
Iron
Cobalt
Nickel

A

Cobalt

78
Q

Which of these minerals are carcinogenic
-Arsenic, Copper, Iron, Cadmium
-Beryllium, Mercury, Thallium, Tellurium
-Thorium, Uranium, Radion

A

-Arsenic, Copper, Iron, Cadmium

79
Q

Which of these minerals are Teratogenic
-Indium, Lithium, Selenium, Tellurium
-Zirconium, Cadmium, Arsenic, Cobalt
-Radium, Radon, Uranium, Thorium

A

Indium, Lithium, Selenium, Tellurium

80
Q

colors change under different lighting conditions

A

photochroism

GLE Reviews (26 decks)

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