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Anatomy Week 4 > Histology Cartilage (Lect) > Flashcards

Histology Cartilage (Lect) Flashcards

1
Q

Where can hyaline cartilage be found?

A
  • Fetal Skeleton
  • Articular surfaces of bones
  • ventral ends of ribs
  • some cartilages of larynx
  • tracheal and bronchial rings
  • nose
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2
Q

What type of collagen is found in all cartilages?

A

type II collagen

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3
Q

T or F: the hyaline matrix is rigid, tough, and resistant to tearing?

A

T

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4
Q

What direction do the collagen fibrils run in hyaline cartilage?

A

all directions

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5
Q

Can you see the collagen in hyaline cartilage?

A

No, because they are small and have the same refractive index as the ground substance

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6
Q

What makes hyaline cartilage?

A

Chondrocytes

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7
Q

What is the consistency of the ground substance in hyaline cartilage?

A

firm, could be cut with a knife

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8
Q

What is the ground substance made of in hyaline cartilage>

A

hylauronic acid
proteoglycans (containing keratan sulfate)
Chrodriotin sulfate glycosaminoglycans
multiadhesive glycoproteins (Chondronectin)

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9
Q

What color do the territorial/capsular and interterritorial matrices appear on slides?

A

Territorial - dark purple

Interterritorial - light purple

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10
Q

What type of protein chains are found in type II collagen?

A

3 alpha chains

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11
Q

What limits the size of type II collagen in hyaline cartilage?

A

type IX collagen binding to their surface

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12
Q

What happens to the most superficial layer of type II collagen fibrils in hyaline tissue?

A

they align in the direction of the stress

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13
Q

What is the orientation of the deep layer collagen fibrils in hyaline cartilage?

A

Perpendicular to the underlying bone layer

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14
Q

What is the relative size of type II collagen fibrils to type I?

A

type II is much smaller

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15
Q

Why can the immune system not see antigens on chondrocytes?

A

the dense matrix molecules block large molecules like antibodies

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16
Q

What is the implication of the immune system not being able to see the antigens on chondrocytes?

A

For grafts the donors do not have to be matched

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17
Q

How are proteoglycan monomers linked to the hyaluronic acid tubes?

A

By linker proteins which bind the two together through a non-covalent link

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18
Q

What does GAG stand for?

A

glycoaminoglycans

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19
Q

Where are GAGs found?

A

The spindles sticking off the proteoglycan monomers that are bound to hyaluronic acid

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20
Q

What charge to GAG chains have?

A

negative

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21
Q

What binds to the GAG chains?

A

water and counterions

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22
Q

What happens to GAGs in compression of hyaline cartilage?

A

water and counterions are forces out of the tisses and release of the force lets these things back in, tissue springs back into place as a result of repulsion of negative charges

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23
Q

What limits expansion of hyaline cartilage?

A

collagen fibrils

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24
Q

What are GAGs composed of?

A

repeating disaccharid units

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25
Q

What happens when proteoglycans are degraded by enzymes?

A

there is a loss of cartilage and joint function

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26
Q

What are examples of synovial joint molecules that are highly hydrated to act as lubricants?

A

hyalurnan, lubricin, aggrecan

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27
Q

What lubricant is the primary joint lubricant made by chondrocytes and synovial cells?

A

lubricin

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28
Q

What type of cartilage will be found in an area where tissue is subject to compression and tension?

A

fibrocartilage

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29
Q

What are some examples of fibrocartilage in the body?

A

meniscal cartilages
intervertebral disks
symphysis pubis
ligamentum teres of femur

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30
Q

Characterize the structure/arrangment of condrocytes fibrocartilage

A

small linear groups, little isogenous clusters or single cell in lacunae

31
Q

What is the makeup of the matrix in fibrocartilage?

A

mostly collagen type I
type II and ground substance are in tiny amounts
no real perichondrium

32
Q

What is fibrocartilage commonly mistaken for?

A

dense connective tissue

33
Q

What is the major visual difference between dense connective tissue and fibrocartilage?

A

the presence of lacunae

34
Q

How do you tell the difference between fibrocartilage and the nucleus pulposa?

A

the nucleus doesn’t stain as deep

35
Q

What kind of cartilage allows for a rigid structure that is also extremely flexible?

A

Elastic cartilage

36
Q

Where can elastic cartilage be found?

A

epiglottis
external ear
auditory tube
certain parts of larynx

37
Q

What do elastic and hyaline cartilages have in common?

A

they both contain chondrocytes and lots of type II

38
Q

T or F: its extremely difficult to tell elastic tissue from collagen unless a special stain is used?

A

True

39
Q

What is the coloring of elastic tissue typically?

A

purple, reddish brown or pink

40
Q

What is perichondrium?

A

dense irregular CT with gradual transition into cartilage

41
Q

T or F: perichondrium contains blood vessels that nourish the cartilage.

A

T

42
Q

T or F: perichondrium contains stem cells that can give rise to new cartilage if stimulated by an injury

A

T

43
Q

T or F: articular cartilage is full of perichondrium to regerate if degraded?

A

False, mainly seen in elastic tissue

44
Q

What acts as lubricant in the synovial cavity of a joint such as the knee?

A

Hydrouronic acid and lubrican

45
Q

What nourishes articular (hyaline) cartilage in the joint capsule?

A

oxygen and nutrients supplied by the synovial fluid

46
Q

Between cartilage and bone, what stains darker?

A

bone

47
Q

What is the capacity for repair in hyaline cartilage?

A

avascular
aneural
little reparative capacity

48
Q

What is the capacity for repair in fibrocartilage?

A

poor vascularity
some innervatino
some reparative capacity

49
Q

What is the capacity for repair in elastic cartilage?

A

avascular
aneural
perichondrial repair

50
Q

What two things do you need one or the other of to get repair in cartilage?

A

vascularity, or perichondrial stem cells

51
Q

What kind of cartilage is on the outside of the meniscus?

A

fibrocartilage

52
Q

What kind of cartilage is on the inside of the meniscus?

A

articular cartilage

53
Q

What causes osteoarthritis in the knee?

A

wearing away of the articular cartilage eventually causes bone on bone contact

54
Q

What are 4 major enzymes responsible for joint degradation?

A

Metalloproteinases
aggrecanases
serine proteinases
cysteine proteases

55
Q

at what pH are the joint degradation enzymes active?

A

neutral

56
Q

What types of cells produce collagenases?

A

chondrocytes
macrophages
neutrophils
synovial tissues

57
Q

What is the rate limiting step in degradation by collagenases?

A

Cutting 3/4 of the way from the amino-terminus of the collagen monomer (at MMP-1, MMP-8, MMP-13)

58
Q

What are the major risk factors for osteoarthritis?

A 
obesity
age
previous joint trauma
female
genetics
physical activity
surgery to the joint
estrogen deficiency
59
Q

What is the intial skeleton in an embryo formed by?

A

hyaline cartilage

60
Q

What type of bone is formed by cartilage being replaced by bone tissue that forms within the cartilage?

A

endochondral bone

61
Q

What is the only place in the body that doesn’t have bone thats formed by endochondral growth?

A

bones in the head

62
Q

What factors allow cartilage to grow at a faster rate than bone?

A

It can grow appositionally (inside out) and interstitially (growth on edges, bone can do this too)

63
Q

What is the difference in the primary and secondary centers of ossificatino?

A

secondary centers don’t form a bony collar, they only form spongy bone

64
Q

At what point in development are secondary centers of ossification established?

A

around birth

65
Q

What is the growth in long bones after birth dependent on?

A

interstitial growth of cartilage in the epiphyseal plat

66
Q

When does the epiphyseal plate close?

A

at puberty

67
Q

What does the epiphyseal plate become after/during puberty?

A

the epiphyseal line

68
Q

What drives cartilage growth and death at the growth plate?

A

sex hormones = closure

growth hormone = more growth

69
Q

What mechanism does cartilage use to grow?

A

anaerobic glycolysis because many times its in a low oxygen environment

70
Q

What kind of cells differentiate in to chondroblasts?

A

mesenchyme

71
Q

How do condroblasts become chondrocytes?

A

they secrete ECM separating cells into a lacunae then divide (divison = the landmark)

72
Q

What type of collagen is found at the growth plate?

A

type X

73
Q

What are elastic fibers made of?

A

fibrillin and elastin

Anatomy Week 4 (17 decks)

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