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Anatomy Week 4 > Embryology II > Flashcards

Embryology II Flashcards

1
Q

What is the first step in gastrulation?

A

Formation of the primative streak and primative node

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2
Q

Where is the primative node located?

A

at the cranial end of the streak

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3
Q

What is at the center of the primative node?

A

primative pit

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4
Q

What forms the primative streak?

A

thickening of the epiblast cells

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5
Q

When do cells fall through the primative streak?

A

days 2-3 or third week

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6
Q

What is the 1st layer of epiblast cells that move through the primative streak?

A

endoderm

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7
Q

What group of cells does not enter the primative streak?

A

ectoderm

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8
Q

What group of epiblast is second through the primative streak?

A

mesoderm

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9
Q

What is formed by the endoderm, ectoderm, and mesoderm?

A

trilaminar disk

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10
Q

What marks the end of gastrulation?

A

The primitive streak receeds caudally

Cells in node migrate cranially

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11
Q

What is formed by the cells that move cranially at the end of gastrulation?

A

notocord

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12
Q

When do most newborn tertatomas develope?

A

around week 3

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13
Q

What is the 4th major tissue that is derived at the end of gastrulation?

A

notocord

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14
Q

What is derived from the pharyngeal arch of mesoderm?

A

most skeletal muscle of the head

aortic arches

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15
Q

What is derived from the cardiac mesoderm?

A

cardiovascular structures

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16
Q

What is derived from the laterally migrating mesoderm?

A

paraxial mesoderm
intermediate mesoderm
lateral plate mesoderm

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17
Q

What day do mesodermal cells begin migrating?

A

day 16

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18
Q

When does laterally migrating mesoderm split into 3 distict regions?

A

day 20

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19
Q

What is derived from the paraxial (somite) mesoderm?

A

makes caudal block of somites that give rise to musculoskeletal system and dermis

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20
Q

Where is paraxial (somite) mesoderm located?

A

immediately lateral to the notcord

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21
Q

What does the intermediate mesoderm give rise to?

A

urogenital system

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22
Q

What happens to lateral plate mesoderm ~d18-20?

A

Forms vesicles to form intraembryonic coelum

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23
Q

What does the intraembryonic coelum give rise to?

A

body cavities, pleural, pericardial, and parietal spaces

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24
Q

What gives rise to the visceral and parietal mesoderm?

A

intraembryonic coelum

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25
Q

T or F: parietal mesoderm fuses with endoderm?

A

False - it fuses with the ectoderm

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26
Q

What comes of the parietal mesoderm?

A

Skeleton of limbs

Parietal layers of serous membranes

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27
Q

What comes of the visceral mesoderm?

A

smooth muscle walls of the gut tube
visceral layer of serous membranes
cardiac muscle of heart tube

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28
Q

What three broad categories of tissue are derivatives of mesoderm?

A

musculoskeletal, cardiovascular, and genitourinary

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29
Q

What comes of the musculoskeletal mesoderm?

A

muscle (smooth, cardiac, skeletal)
CT
Bone and cartilage

30
Q

What comes of the cardiovascular mesoderm?

A

Blood, lymph, CV tissues

speel

31
Q

What comes of the genitourinary mesoderm?

A 
Adrenal cortex
Kidney ureter
gonads and genital tracts
dura mater
all serous membranes
32
Q

What the the endoderm generally give rise to?

A

Epithelial lining of the GI tract, Lower respiratory system, Genitourinary system, pharyngeal pouches

Parenchyma of liver, pancreas, submandibular and sublingual glands, follicles of the thyroid gland

33
Q

What germ cell line gives rise to the greatest mass of tissues?

A

mesoderm

34
Q

What are the only muscles not derived from the mesoderm?

A

2 smooth muscles of the eye

constrictor pupillae and dilator

35
Q

Where do the constrictor pupillae and dilator derive from?

A

Somite, lateral plate, pharyngeal, or cardiac mesoderm

36
Q

What part of the genitourinary system is not developed from the intermediate mesoderm?

A

lower part of the vagina

37
Q

What part of the adrenal gland is derived from the mesoderm?

A

adrenal cortex

38
Q

What is the adrenal medulla derived from?

A

neural crest cells (of ectoderm)

39
Q

T or F: Endodermal cells give rise to most tissues that form GI secreting glands

A

True

40
Q

What two GI secreting glands are not derived from endoderm?

A

spleen (mesoderm)

Parotid salivary gland (ectoderm)

41
Q

What part of the thyroid gland is derived from mesoderm?

A

C cell - secrete calcitonin

42
Q

What part of the thyroid gland is derived from endoderm?

A

Follicular cells thyroxine

43
Q

What are the three subsets of ectoderm?

A

General, neuroectoderm, neural crest

44
Q

What are the 3 tissues that the neural crest cells work to compose?

A

Nervous system, head, heart

45
Q

When does neurulation occur?

A

latter half of w3 to w5

46
Q

What initiates neurulation?

A

presence of notocord

47
Q

Where is the neural plate formed?

A

on the midline of the dorsal axis of the embryo

48
Q

What type of cells make up the neural plate?

A

neuroectodermal cells

49
Q

What happens if the notocord doesn’t develope?

A

neurulation wont take place

50
Q

What happens to the neural plate at the end of w3?

A

it migrates to make the neural groove

51
Q

What type of cells develope from the lateral margin of the neural groove?

A

neural crest cells

52
Q

the entire nervous system is derived from what type of tissues?

A

neural crest cells and neuroectoderm

53
Q

What is formed by the dorsal folding of the neural groove?

A

the neural tube

54
Q

Where does the fusion of the neural groove first occur and in what direction does it proceed?

A

starts in middle and proceeds cranially and caudally

55
Q

T or F: the ends of the notocord are left open and ectoderm grows over the openings to cover the dorsal surface

A

True

56
Q

What closes first the cranial or caudal neopore?

A

cranial

57
Q

What flows through the neopores before they are closed?

A

amniotic fluid

58
Q

What are the 3 primary vesicles of the brain?

A

Forebrain, Midbrain, Hindbrain

59
Q

What are the 3 secondary vesicles of the brain?

A

telencephalon, diencephalon (forebrain)
Mesencephalon (midbrain)
Metencephlon, mylencephlon (hindbrain)

60
Q

What does the telencephalon give rise to?

A

Cerebral hemisphers
basal ganglia
lateral ventricles

61
Q

What does the diencephalon give rise to?

A

thalmus, hypothalamus, epithalmus, subthalmus, retina, and optic n.

3rd ventricle

62
Q

what does the mesencephalon give rise to?

A

midbrain

cerebral aquaduct

63
Q

What does the metencephalon give rise to?

A

pons
cerebellum

4th ventricle

64
Q

What does the mylencephalon give rise to?

A

Medulla

65
Q

when do most neural tube defects manifest themselves?

A

day 22 to day 28 when neural tube is closing

66
Q

What causes a great deal of neural tube defects?

A

lack of folic acid in diet

67
Q

What is anecephaly?

A

failure of the cranial end of the neuropore to close

68
Q

How can anencephaly be distinguished from spina bifida early on?

A

a fetus with anencephaly with have polyhyramnios

69
Q

What test indicates a neural tube defect?

A

Elevated AFP (alpha fetal protein)

70
Q

Besides NTDs what causes elevated AFP?

A

any defect in body closure

71
Q

What causes spina bifida?

A

failure of the vertebral arch to form

72
Q

Characterize spina bifida occulta

A

no NTD
no inc. AFT
No clinical symptoms

Anatomy Week 4 (17 decks)

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