Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Anatomy Week 4 > Bone Histology (Lect) > Flashcards

Bone Histology (Lect) Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two types of bone developement?

A

Endochondral

Intramembranous

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What kind of bone usually developes intramembranously?

A

flat bones (e.g skull bones)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What happens if blood vessels are near mesenchyme?

A

they enlarge and will become bone rather than cartilage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

How do mesenchymal cells condense yet remain attached to each other?

A

they maintain their gap junctions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What do mesenchymal cells first differentiate into on their way to becoming bone?

A

Osteoprogenitor cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What do osteoprogenitor cells differentiate into?

A

Osteoblasts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is osteoid?

A

a non-mineralized matrix laid down by osteoblasts that later mineralizes into a bone spicule (aka canaliculi)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What happens when osteoblasts become trapped and can no longer divide?

A

they become osteocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Does osteoid stain dark?

A

NO

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is deposited that causes bone calcification?

A

hydroxyappetite

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is formed by bone spicules growing together?

A

Spongy bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is absolutely essential for bones to live?

A

blood supply

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is the osteogenic layer?

A

The outer layer of osteoblasts that line up on the outside and inside during intramembranous bone formation to lay down compact bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are the two layers of periosteum?

A

The fibrous layer and the osteogenic layer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What type of cell is formed by the fusion of monocytes from bone marrow?

A

osteoclasts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What hormone accelerates the activity of osteoclasts?

A

parathyroid hormone (happens when Ca2+ and PO4 are low)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What hormone slows the activity of osteoclasts?

A

calcitonin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

T or F: osteoclasts are mononucleated?

A

False

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Describe the location and activity of osteoblasts and osteoclasts in the widening of bone?

A

osteoblast must be working to build bone on the exterior

osteoclasts must work to clean away bone on the interior

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Increase in bone width is an example of?

A

appositional growth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

T or F: all bones have both spongy and compact bone

A

True - all bones have this component, it doesn’t matter how it formed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is the point of having weaker spongy bone in the interior of bones?

A

it helps reduce bone weight

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

When the growth plate recedes what is formed?

A

epiphyseal line

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What happens to red marrow as you age?

A

some of the red marrow may be converted to yellow marrow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

How many cells thick is the endosteum?

A

1 layer thick

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

How is bone decalcification performed for preparation methods?

A

acid is used to extract the mineral

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What is the consistency of bone that has been decalcified?

A

tough and rubery, and can be cut like any other tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What is the ground method of bone prep?

A

bone is cut with a diamond saw and ground until its thin enough to see through, no stains are used

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What do dark areas in ground bone represent?

A

air

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What are haversian systems?

A

concentric rings (lamelae) that contain osteocytes in a lacuna
These form around haversian canals that contain and artery and vein
canaliculi permit nutrition to move from artery to cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

T or F: each ring in a haversian system contains a population of osteocytes?

A

True

32
Q

What is represented by dark spots on bone that has been ground?

A

air - where the lacuna that used to contain an osteocyte was

33
Q

What is volkmann’s canal?

A

a tunnel that allows arteries and nerves to move perpendicular to the direction of the lamellae

34
Q

What changes with each new ring of osteocytes thats added to a haversian system?

A

the collagen fibers are oriented perpendicular to that of the preceeding layer

35
Q

What type of collagen can be extracted from boiling bone?

A

type 1

36
Q

What is the ground substance in haversian sytems/bone matrix osteons?

A

glycoaminoglycans

37
Q

What is the perpose of the perpendicular orientation of collagen fibers and glycoaminoglycans in collagen?

A

makes bone tough

38
Q

What is the name for the organic component of bone?

A

osteoid

39
Q

What makes bone hard? The organic or inorganic component?

A

The inorganic

40
Q

What does the inorganic component of bone consist of?

A

crystals of hyroxyapatite (form of calcium phosphate)

41
Q

What makes up interstitial lamellae?

A

old osteon/havarsian systems

42
Q

What structure is created by the touching of cytoplasmic processes of one osteocyte with another?

A

Canaliculi

43
Q

What do the fluid filled canals of canaliculi do?

A

allow you to feel mechanical stress

act as a shock absorber

44
Q

What is circumferential lamellae?

A

lamellae that’s fairly straight and lies on the inner and outer edges of the bone

45
Q

What lies adjacent to inner circumferential lamellae?

A

endosteum

46
Q

What lies adjacent to outer circumferential lamellae?

A

periosteum

47
Q

What is makes up interstitial lamellae?

A

remnants of old osteons

48
Q

How do you tell the difference in volkmann’s canal and a haversian canal?

A

haversial canals run vertically in the center of osteons while volkmann’s canal runs horizontally

49
Q

How can haversian systems be added to the periphery of a young shaft?

A
  1. Vessel runs along a ridge in the shaft
  2. periosteum grows to make ridges higher
  3. Ridges fuse to make a tunnel?
  4. PERIOSTEUM of the tunnel becomes ENDOSTEUM
  5. new endosteal cells grow making a haversian system
50
Q

Besides periosteum closing grooves to make new haversian systems, how can new ones be created?

A

Osteoclasts can bore a tunnel through existing bone

51
Q

How do osteoclasts creat haversian systems?

A

they start on the surface and dig down to make a groove which grows over with periosteal cells

52
Q

What type of bone will you find haversian systems in?

A

haversian systems ONLY

53
Q

How does spongy bone get nutrition if there are no haversian systems?

A

the spicules are so narrow that nutrition is supplies from vessels in the endosteum that cover spicules (via diffusion through canaliculi)

54
Q

Does spongy bone contain lamellae?

A

Yes, but they are not arranged as osteons (aka haversian systems)

55
Q

Where is lamellae found in spongy bone?

A

in the spicules

56
Q

Describe the periosteum embyonic/ postnatal bone.

A

outer fibrous layer

inner cellular layer - consiting of osteoprogenitor cells and osteoblasts

57
Q

Describe the periosteum in adult bone.

A

No inner and outer layers

Only a flat inconspicuous cellular layer

58
Q

T or F: adult bone contains a thin cellular layer of periosteum (osteoprogenitor cells) that will form ostoblasts and chrodoblasts when fractured

A

T

59
Q

Where can the endosteum be found?

A
  1. covers all marrow spaces and lines volkmann’s and haversian canals
60
Q

T or F: endosteum is thicker than periosteum and contains only collagen fibers

A

False, it contains reticular fibers and is thinner

61
Q

What is stage 1 of fracture healing?

A
  • clot forms
  • bone cells and periosteal cells near the fracture die
  • neutrophils, macrophages, and osteoclasts invade to clean up
62
Q

What is stage 2 of fracture healing?

A
  • periostal fibroblasts and osteoprogenitor cells from periosteum proliferate
  • osteoblasts from endosteum and periosteum lay down spongy bone to and around fractured bone (internal callus)
  • external callus formed by periosteal cells that diff. into chondroblasts - makes fibrocartilage
63
Q

What is stage 3 of fracture healing?

A

cartilage in callus undergoes endochondral ossification to produce spongy bone

64
Q

What is stage 4 of fracture healing?

A

remodeling - by coordinating osteoblast and osteoclast activities

65
Q

How long does remodeling continue after fracture has healed?

A

a few years

66
Q

What is osteomalacia

A

softening of the bone (adult rickets)

bone is imperfectly calcified

67
Q

What causes osteomalacia in adults?

A

vitamin D deficiency

68
Q

What happens if osteomalacia persists for a long time?

A

a large part of the skeleton will consist of osteoid

69
Q

What is osteoporosis?

A

augmented bone resorption leading to porous bones

70
Q

T or F: the chemical composition of the bone is altered in osteoporosis?

A

False - same composition but there is just less of it

you end of with a log of thin spongy bone

71
Q

What helps slow progression of osteoporosis?

A

exogenous calcium

72
Q

What is osteopetrosis?

A

Bones get dense and heavy

73
Q

What causes osteopetrosis?

A

defective bone resorption caused by mutation in genes for osteoclast proton-ATPase pumps or chloride channels

74
Q

Can osteopetrosis be transmitted to offspring?

A

Yes

75
Q

What is osteogenesis imperfecta?

A

brittle bones

76
Q

What causes osteogenesis imperfecta?

A

mutation in collagen type I

77
Q

What types of cells can periosteum become?

A

osteoblasts or chondrocytes

Anatomy Week 4 (17 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions