HISTO URINARY Flashcards
a protease important for regulation of
blood pressure by cleaving circulating angiotensinogen
to angiotensin I
RENIN
a glycoprotein growth factor that stimulates erythrocyte production in red marrow
when the blood O2
level is low
ERYTHROPOIETIN
in adults, each kidney has a concave medial border, the ______ where nerves enter, the ureter exits, and blood and
lymph vessels enter and exit—and a convex lateral surface,
hilum
active form of the steroid prohormone vitamin D,
initially produced in the skin both covered by a thin fibrous capsule
CALCITRIOL
Within the hilum of the kidney, the upper end of the ureter expands as the renal pelvis and divides into _____________________
two or three major calyces
The area surrounding the renal pelvis and calyces contains ___________ tissue
adipose tissue.
The parenchyma of each kidney has an outer _________, a darker stained region with many round corpuscles and
tubule cross sections
renal cortex
The parenchyma of each kidney has an inner __________ consisting mostly of aligned linear tubules and ducts
renal medulla
The renal medulla in humans consists of conical structures
called ____________
renal pyramids
how many renal pyramids in a human kidney
8-15
The tip of each renal pyramid, called the ________________, projects into a minor calyx that collects urine formed
by tubules in one renal lobe
renal papilla
Each kidney contains roughly 1.25 million functional units called ________________
nephrons
an initial dilated part enclosing a tuft
of capillary loops and the site of blood filtration, alwayslocated in the cortex
■ Renal corpuscle
What are the major divisions of each nephron
RENAL CORPUSCLE
PROXIMAL TUBULE
LOOP OF HENLE
a long convoluted part, located entirely in the cortex, with a shorter straight part that
enters the medulla
■ Proximal tubule
consisting of a thick straight part ascending from the loop of Henle back into the cortex and a
convoluted part completely in the cortex
■ Distal tubule
a short minor part linking the nephron to collecting ducts
Connecting tubule
nephrons that are located almost completely in the cortex
Cortical nephrons
Nephrons that lie close to the medulla and
have longer loops of Henle extending deeper into the medulla
juxtamedullary nephrons
Blood flow going in the Kidneys
RENAL ARTERY- INTERLOBAR ARTERIES- ARCUATE ARTERIES- INTERLOBULAR ARTERIES- AFFERENT ARTERIOLES- GLOMERULUS
Blood flow going outside the Kidneys
GLOMERULUS- EFFERENT ARTERIOLES- PERITUBULAR ARTERIES- VASA RECTA
arteries which extend between the renal pyramids toward the corticomedullary junction
interlobar arteries
a plexus of capillary
loops called the ______________, each of which is located within a
renal corpuscle where the blood is filtered
glomerulus
process by which water and solutes in the blood
leave the vascular space and enter the lumen of the nephron.
Filtration
process by which substances move from epithelial cells of the tubules into the lumens, usually after uptake from the surrounding interstitium and capillaries
Tubular secretion
process by which substances move from
the tubular lumen across the epithelium into the interstitium and surrounding capillaries
Tubular reabsorption
The number of nephrons __________________ in older
adults, a process accelerated by _______________________
decreases substantially, high blood pressure
a tuft of glomerular capillaries, surrounded by a double-walled epithelial capsule called
the ________________________
glomerular (Bowman) capsule
Each renal corpuscle has a __________________,
where the afferent arteriole enters and the efferent arteriole
leaves, and_____________________, where the proximal convoluted
tubule (PCT) begins
vascular pole, a tubular pole
glomerular filtrate has a chemical composition similar to that
of plasma except that it contains __________________
very little protein
Normally about _________ of the blood plasma entering a
glomerulus is filtered into the capsular space
20%
■ Physical support of capillaries within the glomerulus
■ Adjusted contractions in response to blood pressure
changes, which help maintain an optimal filtration rate
MESANGIAL CELLS
Reabsorption of all organic nutrients,
all proteins, most water, and electrolytes; secretion of organic
anions and cations, H+, and NH4 +
Proximal Convoluted Tubule
Passive reabsorption of Na+ and Cl–
Thin limbs of the Loop of Henle
Active reabsorption of various electrolytes
Thick ascending limbs of the Loop of Henle
Reabsorption of electrolytes
Distal Convoluted Tubule
Responsible for regulated reabsorption of water & electrolytes; regulated secretion of K
Principal cells
Responsible for Reabsorption of K+ (low-K+ diet); help
maintain acid-base balance
Intercalated cells
The rate of Na+ absorption in the DCT is regulated by
________________ from the adrenal glands
aldosterone
Where the initial, straight part of the distal tubule contacts the arterioles at the vascular pole of the renal corpuscle
of its parent nephron, its cells become more columnar and
closely packed, forming the __________________
macula densa
extraglomerular mesangial cells that have many of the same supportive, contractile,
and defensive functions as these cells inside the glomerulus.
Lacis Cells
promotes Na+ and water reabsorption in the distal convoluted and connecting tubules,
which raises blood volume to help increase blood pressure.
Aldosterone
Principal cells are particularly
rich in _____________, the integral membrane pore proteins
functioning as specific channels for water molecules, but
here most aquaporins are sequestered in membranous cytoplasmic vesicles.
aquaporins
makes collecting ducts more permeable to water and increases the
rate at which water molecules are pulled osmotically from the
filtrate
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
The muscularis
consists of three poorly delineated layers, collectively called
the __________________, which contract to empty the bladder
detrusor muscle
is a tube that carries the urine from the bladder
to the exterior
Urethra
extends through
the prostate gland and is lined by urothelium
prostatic urethra
a short segment, passes
through an external sphincter of striated muscle and is
lined by stratified columnar and pseudostratified columnar epithelium.
membranous urethra
is enclosed
within erectile tissue of the penis and is
lined by stratified columnar and pseudostratified columnar epithelium, with stratified squamous
epithelium distally
spongy urethra
The largest collecting ducts deliver filtrate into the minor calyces,
where it undergoes no further modification and is called ___________.
urine
Large, bulbous superficial cells of the urothelium, called ___________, have apical membranes consisting of hinged regions with
dense plaques of __________________ that protect the cytoplasm
umbrella cells, uroplakin proteins
Most substantial part of the filtration barrier
Glomerular Basement Membrane
