HISTO RESPI Flashcards
consists of the nasal
cavities, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi (Gr. bronchos,
windpipe), bronchioles, and terminal bronchioles
conducting portion
where the system’s main function of gas exchange occurs, consisting of respiratory
bronchioles, alveolar ducts, and alveoli.
respiratory portion,
the cellular sites of the exchange of O2
and CO2
between inspired air and blood, are small, air-filled, saclike
structures, which make up most of the lung structure.
Alveoli
The left and right nasal cavities each have two components: ________________________
the external, dilated vestibule and the internal nasal cavity
What are the hairs in the nasal cavities
Vibrissae
The nasal cavity lies in the what portion of the bone?
Conchae, or turbinate bones
structure of the respiratory epithelium
ciliated pseudostratified
columnar epithelium
mitotically active stem and progenitor
cells that give rise to the other epithelial cell types.
Basal cells
a specialized region of the mucous
membrane covering the superior conchae at the roof of the
nasal cavity.
olfactory epithelium
are bipolar neurons present throughout this epithelium. Their nuclei form an irregular row near the middle of this thick epithelium
Olfactory neurons
are columnar, with narrow bases
and broad, cylindrical apexes containing the nuclei and
extending microvilli into the fluid layer
Supporting cells
Basal cells are the stem cells for the
other two types, replacing the olfactory neurons every __________________ and support cells less frequently
2-3 months
are the most abundant, each
with 250-300 cilia on its apical surface
Ciliated columnar cells
are also numerous and predominate in
some areas (Figure 17–2), with basal nuclei and apical
domains filled with granules of mucin glycoproteins
Goblet cells
Respiratory epithelium has five major cell types, all of which contact an
unusually thick basement membrane:
■ Ciliated columnar cells
■ Goblet cells
■ Brush cells
■ Small granule cells
■ Basal cells
are a much less numerous, columnar cell
type, in which the small apical surfaces bear sparse, blunt
microvilli
Brush cells
Brush cells are ________________ resembling gustatory cells, with similar
signal transduction components and synaptic contact
with afferent nerve endings on their basal surfaces
chemosensory receptors
are difficult to
distinguish in routine preparations but possess numerous
dense core granules 100-300 nm in diameter
Small granule cells
are bilateral cavities in the frontal, maxillary, ethmoid, and sphenoid bones of the skull
paranasal sinuses
The lamina propria of the olfactory epithelium possesses large serous glands, the _______________
which produce a constant flow of fluid surrounding the olfactory cilia and facilitating the access of new odoriferous
substances.
olfactory glands
is a short (4 cm × 4 cm) passage for air between
the pharynx and the trachea
larynx
hyaline Cartilages in the Larynx
Thyroid, cricoid, inferior arytenoid cartilages
Smaller elastic Cartilages in the Larynx
epiglottis, cuneiform, corniculate, and the superior arytenoid cartilages
a flattened structure projecting from the
upper rim of the larynx, serves to prevent swallowed food or
fluid from entering that passage
epiglottis
Below the epiglottis and vestibule of the larynx, the
mucosa projects bilaterally into the lumen with two pairs of
folds separated by a narrow space or ventricle, these are the _______________________
The upper pair, the immovable vestibular folds
The lower pair of folds, the vocal folds
The vestibular folds is also known as the ____________________
false vocal cords
Deep to the mucosa are large bundles of striated fibers comprising the _____________________ that allow each vocal
fold to be moved.
vocalis muscle
A series with about a dozen C-shaped rings
of hyaline cartilage between the submucosa and adventitia reinforces the wall and keeps the tracheal lumen open
TRACHEA
The open ends of the cartilage rings are on the
posterior surface, against the esophagus, and are bridged by a bundle of smooth muscle called the ______________________ and a
sheet of fibroelastic tissue attached to the perichondrium
trachealis muscle
The left lung contains ____ number of secondary bronchi while the right lung have _____
2, 3
REGION of Vibrissae (stiff hairs) and
moisture both filter and
humidify air
Vestibules of nasal
cavities
REGION of Rich vasculature and glands warm, humidify,
and clean air
Most areas of nasal
cavities
REGION where the function is to Solubilize and detect odorant molecules in air
Superior areas of
nasal cavities
REGION to Conduct air to larynx; pharyngeal and palatine tonsils
Nasopharynx and
posterior oropharynx
Site for phonation;
epiglottis closes while
swallowing
Larynx
REGION to Conduct air to primary bronchi entering lungs; some MALT
Trachea
Function is the Repeated branching; conduct air
deeper into lungs
Bronchi
Function is to Conduct air; important in
bronchoconstriction and
bronchodilation
Bronchioles
Function is to Conduct air to respiratory portions of
lungs; exocrine club cells with several
protective and surfactant functions
Terminal bronchioles
Function is to Conduct air deeper, with some
gas exchange, and protective and
surfactant functions of club cells
Respiratory bronchioles
function is to Conduct air, with much gas exchange
Alveolar ducts and sacs
Function is to Sites of all gas exchange; surfactant
from type II pneumocytes; dust cells
Alveoli
are the intralobular airways with diameters
of 1 mm or less, formed after about the tenth generation
of branching; they lack both mucosal glands and cartilage, although dense connective tissue is associated with the
smooth muscle
Bronchioles
_______________ last parts of the air conducting system.
terminal bronchioles
The cuboidal epithelium of terminal bronchioles consists
largely of ________________________, with nonciliated, dome-shaped apical ends
containing secretory granules
club cells or bronchiolar exocrine cells
Distal ends of respiratory bronchioles branch into tubes called ________________________
alveolar ducts
are saclike evaginations, each about 200 μm in diameter, from the respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, and alveolar sacs
Alveoli
Between neighboring alveoli lie _________________ consisting of scattered fibroblasts and sparse extracellular matrix (ECM), notably elastic and reticular fibers, of
connective tissue
thin interalveolar
septa
Air in the
alveoli is separated from capillary blood by three components
collectively referred to as the _______________________________-
respiratory membrane or blood air barrier
are also
extremely attenuated cells lining the alveolar surfaces.
Type I alveolar cells
cells that constitute the alveolar side of the blood-air barrier and make up about 95% of the alveolar lining;
Type II alveolar cells
are cuboidal cells bulging into the air space, interspersed among the type I alveolar cells, and bound to them
with tight junctions and desmosomes
Type II alveolar cells
also called dust cells,
are found in alveoli and in the interalveolar septum
Alveolar macrophages
is a bacteriostatic fluid, containing lysozyme and other protective
agents produced by club cells, type II alveolar cells, and alveolar macrophages
The bronchoalveolar fluid
Muscles of inhilaton
external intercostal
muscles
diaphragm
