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PTE Masters + A Practical Approach to Transesophageal Echocardiography > High Yield PTEeXAM Review Part 9 - 11 > Flashcards

High Yield PTEeXAM Review Part 9 - 11 Flashcards

1
Q

With CWD, how often are sound waves mitted and received?

A

Continuously

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2
Q

What is the shape of the normal tricuspid annulus?

A

Elliptical and Non-planar

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3
Q

The severity of functional TR is best determined by:

A

Tricuspid Annular Diameter

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4
Q

Which is the most sensitive echo sign of acute myocardial ischemia?

A. Decreased systolic wall thickening

B. Increased diastology wall thickness

C. Reduced endocardial excursion

D. Reduced epicardial excursion

E. Compensatory Hyperkinesis

A

A = Decreased Systolic Wall Thickening

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5
Q

Cleaning of TEE probes is performed by:

A

Gluteraldehyde Submersion

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6
Q

Increase in MPI (Myocardial Performance Index) from baseline implies what is occuring?

A

Worsening of systolic and diastolic dysfunction

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7
Q

Using the photo below, what is the formula for the myocardial performance index?

A

[A - B] / B

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8
Q

Is MPI (Myocardial Performance index) load dependent or independent?

A

Dependent

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9
Q

Whata is MPI in terms of:
IVCT

IVRT

ET

A

[IVRT + IVCT] / ET

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10
Q

What is a normal value of MPI?

A

< 0.35

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11
Q

What MPI would tell you that LV dysfunction exists?

A

>0.5

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12
Q

What is the formula for velocity of circumferential shortening?

A

FS / ET

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13
Q

What TV Valve Leaflets are seen in the modified bicaval view?

A

Near field = Posterior / Septal

Far field (Away from probe) = Anterior

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14
Q

Label Arrow 1

A

TG 2 chamber

TV leaflets

1 Posterior leaflet

2 Anterior or Septal

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15
Q

Label Arrow 2

A

TG 2 chamber

TV leaflets

1 Posterior leaflet

2 Anterior or Septal

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16
Q

Label 3

A

Anterior / septal leaflet in TV

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17
Q

Label 1

A

Tricuspid Valve TG 2 chamber

1 = Posterior Leaflet

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18
Q

Label 2

A

Tricuspid Valve TG 2 chamber

2 = Anterior or Septal Leaflet

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19
Q

Label 3

A

Tricuspid Valve

RV Inflow Outflow

3 = Anterior or Septal leaflet

20
Q

Label 4

A

Tricuspid Valve

RV Inflow Outflow

4 = Posterior leaflet

21
Q

Label 5

A

Tricuspid Valve

ME 4 chamber RV Focused

5 = Septal leaflet

22
Q

Label 6

A

Tricuspid Valve

ME 4 chamber RV Focused

6 = Anterior or Posterior

23
Q

Label 7

A

Tricuspid Valve

TG RV Basal View

7 = Posterior leaflet

24
Q

Label 8

A

Tricuspid Valve

TG RV Basal View

8 Anterior leaflet

25
Q

What improves lateral resolution?

A

Multiple focusing

26
Q

What improves axial resolution?

A

Decreasing Spatial Pulse Length

27
Q

What improves temporal resolution?

A

Higher frame rates

28
Q

The myocardial performance index assesses what 2 things?

A
  1. LV Systolic Function
  2. LV Diastolic Function
29
Q

What is the Fractional Area Change?

A

[EDA - ESA] / EDA x 100

30
Q

What is a normal E’ value?

A

>10 cm/sec = Normal

31
Q

What is an abnormal e’ value

A

<8 cm/sec

32
Q

When can you say that E’ value is:

Load independent vs. Load dependent?

A

Load independent = Patients with diastolic dysfunction

Load dependent = Normal Patients

33
Q

Is Vp load independent or load dependent?

A

Load dependent

34
Q

What does dp/dt measure?

A

Systolic Function

35
Q

What is dp/dt independent of?

What is dp/dt dependent of?

A

What is dp/dt independent on afterload

What is dp/dt dependent on preload

36
Q

What is the best view for assessing myocardial performance index?

A

TG Deep LAX

37
Q

To get a fractional shortening measurements, what can not be in the M-mode in the TG Mid Papillary View?

A

Papillary muscles

38
Q

What is a normal Vp?

A

>50 m/sec

39
Q

The embryological remnant of the sinus venosus in the heart is?

A

Crista Terminalis

40
Q

What valve leaflets are seen in the mitral valve commissural view?

A

Left = P3

Middle = A2

Right = P1

41
Q

What is seen at the arrows here?

What view is this?

A

Innominate vein

View = Upper Esophageal Aortic Arch LAX View

42
Q

What is the fresnel zone of the ultrasound beam?

A

Beam starts to narrow before the focal zone

43
Q

What are the 4 sequelae of Tetralogy of Fallot?

A

Septum is shifted anteriorly

  1. VSD
  2. Over-riding Aorta
  3. Pulmonary Obstruction
  4. Right Ventricular Hypertrophy
44
Q

What is the distance between C and D?

A

Inter-trigonal distance Mitral Valve

45
Q

The durations of the transmitral A vwave and pulmonary venous A wave reversal can be compared to estimate what?

A

LVEDP

Left Ventricular End-Diastolic Pressurer

PTE Masters + A Practical Approach to Transesophageal Echocardiography (55 decks)

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