High Yield PTEeXAM Review Part 18-20 Flashcards
What is the cause of persistent left superior vena cava?
Persistent left superior vena cava results when the left superior cardinal vein caudal to the innominate vein fails to regress.
Said another way
Failure of the fusion of the cardinal veins
What is the equation for determining pulmonary artery mean pressure? (PAMP)
PAMP = 4 (Vearly PI)2 + CVP
What is the equation for determining pulmonary artery diastolic pressure? (PADP)?
PAMP = 4 (Vlate PI)2 + CVP
Bicuspid Aortic Valve most common associated with what congenital abnormality?
Coarctation of the Aorta
Which bicuspid valve orientation has a greater propensity to develop aortic stenosis?
Vertical* orientation vs. *Horizontal orientation?
Horizontal > Vertical to develop aortic stenosis
For Systolic flow reversal in the pulmonary veins
Does the presence rule in severe MR?
Does the absence rule out severe MR?
Systolic flow reversal in the pulmonary veins = Specific for MR
Systolic flow reversal in the pulmonary veins = Not sensitive for MR
(You can still have severe MR with no systolic flow reversal in the pulmonary veins)
What is most influential on wave S1 in pulmonary veins?
LA relaxation during ventricular systole
What is most influential on wave S2 in pulmonary veins?
Left Atrial filling during RV systole
What is S1 wave in pulmonary veins determined by?
Left Atrial Relaxation during ventricular systole
What is S2 wave in pulmonary veins determined by?
RV stroke volume
LA Compliance
Descent of MV annulus which lowers LA pressure
What is A wave in pulmonary veins due to?
Left Atrial Contraction
What is a way using pulmonary vein velocities can you tell Normal Mitral Valve inflow from Pseudonormal?
Normal = Systolic Dominant
Pseudonormal = Systolic Blunting
What is a normal value of deceleratime time?
< 220 ms
What is a normal tissue doppler ot he lateral annulus of the mitral valve?
>8.0 cm/sec
What does the matching layer in the transducer do?
Matches acoustic impedence of the skin to increase penetration of sound waves