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PTE Masters + A Practical Approach to Transesophageal Echocardiography > High Yield PTEexam review part 30-32 > Flashcards

High Yield PTEexam review part 30-32 Flashcards

1
Q

What type of ASD is seen with Ebstein Anomaly?

A

Ostium secundum ASD

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2
Q

Inlet VSD is associated with what syndrome?

A

Trisomy 21

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3
Q

INlet VSD is associated with what valvular disorder?

A

Cleft anterior mitral valve leaflets

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4
Q

Name all the synonyms for inlet VSD (4)

A

AV canal type VSD

Endocardial Cushion defect

AV septal defect VSD

Type 3 VSD

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5
Q

What type of AV canal is found with ostium primum ASD?

A

Partial AV Canal

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6
Q

What is a subpulmonic VSD associated with?

A

Prolapse of the right coronary cusp

AKA prolapse of the aortic valve

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7
Q

Subpulmonic VSD synonyms (7)

A

Outlet VSD

Supracristal

Conal

Intraconal

Subarterial

Doubly committed

Type 1

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8
Q

subpulmonic VSD associated with what race?

A

Asians

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9
Q

L-TGA is associated with what major complication

A

Complete heart block

PUT PADS ON!

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10
Q

Tetralolgy of Fallot patients have what abnormality of their aortic arch?

A

Right aortic arch 25% of the time

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11
Q

What are the clinical implications of a right aortic arch?

A

Right aortic arch when you put TEE probe in can dampen the left subclavian artery (If you have left radial arterial line)

If you have TOF with right aortic arch, then put in right radial arterial line

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12
Q

What is Williams syndrome associated with for general anesthetics?

A

Sudden death syndrome

Supravalvular aortic stenosis

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13
Q

What is LV non-compaction?

A

Disorganized, hypertrabeculated, stochastic non-functioning LV with deep recesses

Non-compaction cardiomyopathy (NCM) is a myocardial disorder, which is thought to occur due to the failure of left ventricle (LV) compaction during embryogenesis, leading to distinct morphological characteristics in the ventricular chamber.

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14
Q

What is the important ratio to remember with diagnosis of LV non-compaction?

A

Non-compaction to Compaction of > 2:1 at the end of systole

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15
Q

Where is the non-compaction to compaction >2:1 ratio seen most? (What area of the heart)

A

Mid and Apical inferior and lateral LV

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16
Q

What are the units of temporal resolution?

A

Frame rate

AKA
Frames / second

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17
Q

What is the frame rate for M-mode?

A

Up to 1000 frames / second

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18
Q

How do you calculate dp/dt for the RV?

A

Time required for the TR jet to increase in velocty from 1 to 2 m/s

Therefore

(16 - 4) = 12 mmHg divided by time in seconds, yeilding a value in mmHg / second

Rv dP/dt = 12 / dt mmHg/s

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19
Q

dp/dt for the RV

What is the normal value?

A

>400 mmHg/second = Normal

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20
Q

Calculate the dP/dt of the RV here in the picture

A

12 / 0.02 = 600 mmHg/sec

>400 = Normal

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21
Q

What is abnormal value of MPI for the RV for CWD?

A

>0.40 = Abnormal for CWD

You want an MPI that is low. Low = Good

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22
Q

What is abnormal value of MPI for the RV for TDI?

A

>0.55 = Abnormal for TDI

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23
Q

What is the formula for MPI for the RV?

A

[IVRT + IVCT] / ET

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24
Q

What is the resonant frequency formula?

A

Resonant Frequency = Velocity / [2 (Thickness of crystal)]

25
Q

What is the formula for acoustic impedence?

A

Z = P * V

Z = Acoustic impedence

P = Density

V = Velocity

26
Q

What is the formula for Q factor?

A

Q factor = [Resonant Frequency / Bandwidth]

27
Q

What is the formula for near field length?

A

Ln = r2 / Wavelength

r = Radius of transducer length

28
Q

What is seen here?

A

Membranous VSD

29
Q

What is associated with membranous VSD?

A

LV septal aneurysm

30
Q

What is associated with scimitar syndrome?

A

Inferior sinus venosus VSD

31
Q

Septum primum defect results in what type of ASD?

A

Ostium secundum ASD

32
Q

What is the nyquist limit?

A

Max doppler shift before aliasing

33
Q

How does the nyquist limit relate to the pulse repetition frequency?

A

NL = 1/2 PRF

OR

PRF = 2 * NL

34
Q

What is the difference in measurements of Cath vs. TEE?

Which is peak to peak?

Which is peak instantaneous?

A

Peak to peak = Cath (Pull back method)

Peak instantaneous = TEE

35
Q

What is the formula for attenuation coefficient?

A

attenuation coefficient (AC) = Frequency / 2

36
Q

If you have Freq = 4 Mhz, what is the attenuation coefficient?

A

AC = Frequency / 2

If frequency = 4 Mhz then AC = 4 Mhz /2 = 2 dB/cm

37
Q

Which ASD subtype is associated with mitral valve prolapse?

A

Ostium Secundum ASD

38
Q

What ASD is associated with cleft AV valves?

A

Ostium primum ASD

39
Q

What VSD is more common in Asians?

A

Outlet VSD

40
Q

What is associated with Williams syndrome in relation to the aortic valve?

A

Supraavalvular Aortic Stenosis

41
Q

What two artifacts are seen here?

A
  1. LVOT has black acoustic shadowing (Caused by echogenic structure of mechanical MV)
  2. Reverberation Artifact = Comet tail
42
Q

What is ventricular inversion also known as?

A

L - TGA (Transposition of the great vessels)

43
Q

What percentage of L-TGA have VSD?

A

75%

44
Q

What percentage of L-TGA have Pulmonary outflow obstruction?

A

30-60%

45
Q

What percentage of L-TGA have TV abnormalities?

A

90%

46
Q

What percentage of L-TGA have MV abnormalities?

A

55%

47
Q

What is most common arrythmia of L-TGA patients?

A

Complete heart block

48
Q

What is other names (2) for L-TGA other than ventricular inversion?

A

Double discordance

Congenitally corrected TGA

49
Q

How do you repair a sinus venosus ASD?

A

Warden procedure

Anomalous pulmonary vein (RUPV high in the SVC) they will Transect the SVC

50
Q

What type of VSD is seen in tetralogy of Fallot?

A

Membranous VSD

51
Q

What coronary artery abnormalitiy is seen in Tetralogy of Fallot patients 10% of the time?

A

LAD comes off RCA in 10%

VERY SCARY!

When they make their ventriculotomy during repair, the LAD is just below their incision

52
Q

What great vessel abnormalitiy is seen in Tetralogy of Fallot patients 25% of the time?

What are the clinical implications of this?

A

Right aortic arch 25% of the time

TEE probe may compress left radial arterial line

Be sure to put in right radial arterial line in these babies

53
Q

What is a Jatene procedure?

A

Arterial switch in D-TGA kids

Arterial switch is a surgical procedure and the main treatment to correct transposition of the great arteries (TGA). Almost all children with TGA undergo the arterial switch repair (also called the Jatene repair).

54
Q

What type of ASD is seen in Ebstein anomaly?

A

Secundum ASD

55
Q

What type of VSD is associated with Trisomy 21?

A

Inlet VSD

aka

AV Canal VSD

aka

AV septal defet VSD

aka

Type 3 VSD

56
Q

What is outlet VSD associated with?

A

Prolapse of RCC –> creates A.I.

57
Q

What is #2?

A

RUPV in the modified bicaval view

58
Q

What is the intertigonal distance used for?

A

Sizing on annuloplasty rings

PTE Masters + A Practical Approach to Transesophageal Echocardiography (55 decks)

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