High Yield PTEexam review part 39 - 41 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the most common cause of primary MR?

A

Myxomatous Degeneration

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2
Q

E/A: <0.8

Peak E velocity: <50 cm/sec

e’ velocity <10 cm/sec

What is the patient’s diastology dysfunction?

A

Grade 1 Diastolic Dysfunction

(See chart below)

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3
Q

What is Eisenmenger’s syndrome?

A

Eisenmenger’s syndrome is defined as the process in which a long-standing left-to-right cardiac shunt caused by a congenital heart defect (typically by a ventricular septal defect, atrial septal defect, or less commonly, patent ductus arteriosus) causes pulmonary hypertension and eventual reversal of the shunt into a cyanotic right-to-left shunt.

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4
Q

What particular end organ is most affected by Alagille syndrome other than the heart?

A

Bile ducts –> Liver Damage

Bile builds up in the liver aand scars

S/S: Jaundice, pruritits, deposits of cholesterol (Xanthomas)

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5
Q

What is important to remember about Alagille patients in terms of induction?

A

Bad airways –> Broad, prominent forehead, deep set eyes, small pointed chin

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6
Q

What heart problems are seen in Alagille Syndrome?

A
  1. Pulmonic Stenosis
  2. Tetralolgy of Fallot
  3. VSD
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7
Q

What occurs in right and left isomerism of the atria, respectively?

A

Morphologically two right and left atria, respectively

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8
Q

What occurs in atrial situs solitus?

A

Morphologic RA on the Right and LA on the Left

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9
Q

What is the position of IVC, SVC and Coronary sinus with atrial situs inversus?

A

IVC, SVC and Coronary sinus on the LEFT

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10
Q

What side is the Septum Primum and septum secundum on, respectively?

A

Septum Primum = Left

Septum Secundum = Right

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11
Q

Which atria is more trabeculated?

A

RA more trabeculated than the left

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12
Q

At zero degrees, which pulmonary veins are more horizontal?

(Upper or Lower)

A

Lower = More horizontal

(See image)

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13
Q

What is the morphology of the RAA?

LAA?

A

RAA = Broad

LAA = Narrow and Pointed

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14
Q

What is the most common cause of primary TR?

A

Myxomatous Degeneration

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15
Q

What objective measurement can predict a patient to require an RVAD when an LVAD is placed?

A

Pulmonary Artery Pulsatility Index

[PASP - PADP] / CVP

>2 = Less likely RV failing after LVAD

<2 = More likely RV fails

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16
Q

When placing an LVAD and you have more than mild TR, what should you consider?

A

TV ring

17
Q

What is seen on pulmonary vein flow patterns with Mitral Stenosis and Complete heart block?

A

Giant A wave

18
Q

Where is the C-sept distance typically measured?

A

5- chamber view when MV is closed

19
Q

List the 7 RF for SAM after Mitral valve repair/

A
  1. LVOT <2.0 cm
  2. C-sept distance < 2.5 (ME 5 chamber when valve closed)
  3. Mitral-Aortic Angle (120 degrees)
  4. AL / PL ratio < 1.3 (Valve closed)
  5. Basal anteroseptal hypertrophy (>1.5 cm)
  6. Ant Mitral Valve Length >2.0 cm
  7. Posterior Mitral Valve Length >1.5 cm
20
Q

How can you improve temporal resolution by adjustment line density?

A

Decrease line density will improve temporal density

21
Q

What is Snell’s Law used for?

A

Describes refraction (Bending of sound)

22
Q

What two properties need to occur in order to have refraction (Bending of sound)?

A
  1. Oblique Incidence
  2. V1 cannot equal V2 (Velocities of the two media have to be different)
23
Q

What is the formula for Snell’s law?

A

Sin (Angle T) / Sin (Angle i) = V2 / V1

24
Q

What is the optimal thickness of the matching layer in terms of wavelength?

A

1/4 wavelength thick

25
Q

What is the optimal thickness of the crystal (piezoelectric) in terms of wavelength?

A

1/2 wavelength thick

26
Q

How do you tell the difference in a right vs. left pleural effusion?

A

Left (Points to left of the screen, Aorta present)

Right (Points to the right of the screen, Liver present)

27
Q

What is the most common VSD?

A

Perimembranous VSD

28
Q

What VSD are associated with Ventricular septal aneurysms or redundant TV septal leaflet that may plug the defect?

A

Perimembranous VSD

29
Q

What VSD are more common in asians?

A

Subpulmonic