HFAS MODULE 1 PART 1 Flashcards
“The state in which risks associated with aviation
activities, related to, or in direct support of the operation
of aircraft, are reduced and controlled to an acceptable
level through a continuing process of hazard
identification and risk management.”
Safety
the identification, analysis and elimination (and/or mitigation to an acceptable or tolerable level) of those
hazards, as well as the subsequent risks, that threaten the viability of an organization.
Risk Management
the possibility of absolute/total control is a __________ about safety aviation.
misconception
the elimination of accidents and serious incidents is ____________
unachievable
when did aviation became one of the safest industries
1950’s
the annual risk of being in a plane crash for the average american is about ______________
1 in 11 million
for decades, flying was considered to be the ________
safest mode of transportation
__________ is more than merely the responsibility of
aviation service providers.
Aviation safety
who is responsible for aviation safety?
Governmental organizations providing oversight (civil aviation authorities);
ICAO (International Civil Aviation Organization);
Aircraft and parts manufacturers;
Employees;
Maintenance organizations;
Fuel providers;
Customers; and
Related service providers.
maintaining a safe environment in the industry is
a ___________ of the entire air transport community.
collaborative effort
There is no aviation organization that has been created to deliver only safety.
There is a need to balance _________
Productivity and Protection
_________ continues to be an evolving process that
always strives for continuous improvement.
Aviation safety
The history of the progress in aviation safety can be divided into three eras, what are those?
Technical Era
Human Factors
Organizational
Time of Technical Era
1900s until the late 1960s
Aviation emerged as a form of mass transportation in
which identified safety deficiencies were initially related
to __________
technical factors and technological failures
By the 1950s, ____________ led to a
gradual decline in the frequency of accidents, and safety
processes were broadened to encompass regulatory compliance and oversight.
technological advancements
Time of Human Factors Era
1970s - mid 1990s
Aviation became a safer mode of transportation, and the focus of
safety endeavors was extended to include ___________, including the man/machine interface.
human factors issues
It was not until the early ______ that it was first acknowledged that individuals operate in a complex environment, which includes multiple factors that can affect
behavior.
1990s
Time of Organizational Era
mid 1990s - present
During the ______________, safety began to be viewed from a systemic perspective, encompassing organizational
factors and human and technical factors.
organizational era
What is the Safest Airline in the world
Qantas
Any person suffers death or serious injury, or in which the aircraft receives substantial damage or the aircraft is missing or completely inaccessible
Aircraft Accident
several ways to classify an accident
level of damage incurred, by the extent of injuries caused, or by the cost of the damage to the aircraft.
means damage or failure which adversely affects the
structural strength, performance, or flight characteristics
of the aircraft, and which would normally require major
repair or
replacement of the affected component.
Substantial Damage
The aircraft is not repairable, or, if repairable, the cost of
repairs exceeds 50% of the cost of the aircraft when it was
new
Destroyed Damage
Damage that neither destroys the aircraft nor causes substantial damage.
Minor Damage
A __________ is an injury resulting in death within thirty days of the date of the accident.
fatal injury
An injury that requires less than 2 days of hospitalization up to 7 days after the accident.
Minor Injury
refers to the occurrence, other than an accident, which is
associated with the operation of an aircraft when the safety of
the aircraft has been endangered, or is a situation which
could endanger an aircraft and if it occurred again in other
circumstances.
Aircraft Incident
The difference between an accident and a serious incident lies only in the _________
result
a short, sudden and unexpected event or occurrence that
results in an unwanted and undesirable outcome … and
must directly or indirectly be the result of human activity
rather than a natural event’.
Accident
Three categories of accident causation models
Simple Linear
Complex Linear
Complex Non-Linear
accidents are a culmination of a series of events or circumstances. There is a sequential interaction of events –
one leads to the next one. Hence the belief that if the sequence is broken by removing one of the events, the
disaster will be avoided
Simple Linear
Presumes that accidents result from a combination of latent hazards and unsafe acts that continue to happen
sequentially. The model considers a variety of factors, including environmental as well as organizational effects.
Complex Linear
accidents are the results of a combination of mutually interacting variables
occurring in real-world environments. Understanding these interactions through
careful analysis is the only way to understand and prevent accidents—a
systemic model that focuses on the system’s interactions and functions rather
than just individual events. Accidents are regarded as emergent rather than
resultant phenomena (i.e., are not predictable).
Complex Non-Linear
States that accidents result from a chain of sequential events, metaphorically like a line of dominoes falling over
Heinrich’s Domino Theory
What are the dominoes in heinrich’s theory and labelled with accident causes
Social Environment and Ancestry
Fault of Person
Unsafe Act or Mechanical or Physical Hazard
Accident
Injury
Undesirable personality traits, such as stubbornness, greed, and recklessness
Deals with worker’s personality
Social Environment and Ancestry
Deals with worker personality traits
e.g bad temper, inconsiderateness, ignorance and recklessness
Fault of Person
Deals with Heinrich’s direct cause of incidents
Unsafe Act and/or Unsafe Condition
a famous accident causation model by Professor James Reason
Swiss Cheese Model
Reason hypothesizes that most accidents can be traced to one or more of four
levels of failure:
- Organizational influences,
- Unsafe supervision,
- Preconditions for unsafe acts, and
- The unsafe acts themselves.
The model that identifies the existence of both active and latent conditions in an organization
Swiss Cheese Model
is an error or violation with an immediate adverse effect and is
usually made by a front-line operator
Active Failures
is a result of a decision or an action made well before an
accident, the consequences of which may lie dormant for a long time.
Latent Conditions
No Classroom Training on Loading on
Aircraft
Organizational Influences
Improper Loading, Decision errors & lack of supervision
Unsafe Supervision
The crew set the wrong setting in
anticipation of forward of center of gravity which lead to failure
Preconditions
The flight crew did not correct for
the excessive pitch immediately with the use of elevator and forward trim
Unsafe Act
a conceptual tool used to analyze the interaction of multiple
system components.
Shell Model
Shell model Components
Software
Hardware
Environment
Liveware
