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Zoology > Hexapoda II > Flashcards

Hexapoda II Flashcards

1
Q

Describe the other insect mouthparts

A

-6 opposing appendages
-upper lip called the labrum
-lower lip called the labium

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2
Q

What are between the labrum and labium?

A

mandibles and maxilla that are laterally opposing appendages to crush, mash, and taste food

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3
Q

what do the maxilla and labium have? What does it do

A

they have palps. They are used for sensing their prey, tasting food, and detecting toxins

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4
Q

How are the mouth parts in the mosquito modified?

A
  • still has both the labium and the labrium
  • labium is extended to be a long piercing structure
  • maxilla is used to protect and guide the piercing needle
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5
Q

How are the mouth parts in the butterfly modified?

A
  • specialized straw like structure to slurp up substances/necator
  • dont have much of a labrum or labium
  • maxillae
    • really long and extended
    • grooved siphon to pull up nectar
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6
Q

How are the mouth parts of the house fly modified?

A
  • sponging mouth parts that are made out of the labial palps
  • when they land they can absorb liquid food
  • labial lobes
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7
Q

What are the 3 different types of piercing mouth parts?

A

it often forms a straw with its mandible and maxilla together. there is a binocular straw, one straw for sending out digestive enzymes, other for slurping up liquefied tissue. in mosquitoes the labium is the needle. in butterflies, the maxillae is the siphon

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8
Q

where are the maxilla located?

A

anteriorly, longer ones

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9
Q

Where are the labium located?

A

posteror, shorter ones

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10
Q

What is oviparity? Ex?

A

-lay eggs
ex: lace wings that lay eggs on a stalk within the area with heat and moisture to stay clear of predators (parasitoid wasps)

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11
Q

What is viviparity?

A

-live birth
ex: aphids which can give birth the female only present. the female can also give birth to a female that is already reproductively mature. they are on a cycle regeneration. sexual reproduction in the fall and asexual reproduction in the spring

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12
Q

What kind of mouths do true bugs have?

A

-piercing, sucking parts
-hastuellate mouth parts
-mandible and maxilla aren’t modified for chewing, they create a siphon

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13
Q

What is hemimetabolous?

A

-ex: true bugs and grasshoppers
-elvis stink bug and grasshoppers
-incomplete metamorphosis
-oviparious species
-eggs
-offspring look like miniature version of the adult
-nymphs/instars that molt 3-5 times before reaching adulthood. the last time they molt they get wings and reproductive parts to become adults. the adults look like miniature versions just with wings and reproductive parts

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14
Q

What is holometabolous?

A

-ex: butterflies and bottles
-complete metamorphosis
-larvae: eggs
-pupae
-adults that look different from the larvae and the pupae

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15
Q

describe the larvae in holometabolous

A

larva does not look like their adult but is a key component of holometabolous

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16
Q

describe the pupae in holometabolous

A
  • make a house were you can molt, essentially melting their skin
  • butterflies: chrysalis
  • chrysalis is made by the exoskeleton
  • stays over winter in their egg
  • moth: cocoon
  • cocoon: forms a pupil case and takes silk to wrap around it with external objects
  • log cabin mouth
  • stay over winter within their cocoons
  • creates a space for the creature to turn into a new form
  • wings, reproductive organs, new habitat, new food
  • metamorphosis
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17
Q

how many wing pairs do insects have?

A

two pairs of wings, hindwings and forewings

18
Q

What are paleopteran wings?

A
  • on species like dragonflies and mayflies
  • fore-and hindwings are both membranous
  • roughly the same size and shape
19
Q

What are neopoteran wings?

A
  • beetles, butterflies, and flies
  • hind wings and forewings are different
    • different sizes & shapes
    • forewing is seclaratized
      • covered with chitin
    • uses membranous hind wings to fly
20
Q

Describe direct muscles

A
  • inside the thorax
  • has a tendon that connects directly to the wing
  • when the muscles contract, the wings go down
  • when the muscle relaxes, the wings go up
  • controlled by synchronous nerve
  • together
  • one nerve impulse will stimulate a single muscle contraction
  • can move their wings independently causing precise control, but not as fast
21
Q

Describe indirect muscles

A
  • do not connect directly to the wing
  • attach to the thorax
  • longitudinal muscles
  • when one contracts, the other one relaxes and vice versa
  • essentially a little box that attaches muscles from anterior to posterior, ventral to dorsal
  • when the dorsal & ventral muscles contract, it squishes the thorax
  • however the cuticle is made of chitin that when the muscles relax it causes the animal to rebound causing the other muscles to prepare to contract
  • asynchronous nerves
  • a single nerve stimulating multiple muscle fiber contract
  • while the other one replaces, the other one contracts (antagonistic forces)
  • this is due to the reverberations of the cuticle
  • results in incredibly fast movement of the wings
22
Q

where does mechanical digestion start at and where is it stored?

A

mandibles and stores it in the crop

23
Q

what is the midgut

A
  • intestines
  • proventriculus
    • nutrient absorption
    • gastric ceca on the anterior end
      • harbor symbiotic bacteria to digest woody plants/cellulose
    • Malpighian tubules on the posterior end
24
Q

What is the hindgut?

A
  • concentrated waste and salts are reabsorbed
  • inside the foregut & midgut, it is sealed with chitin /cuticle
  • this is due to the mouth & anus being susceptible to water lost
  • however, the only non-cuticle part of the body is the ventriculus
25
Q

what does the blood of an insect called?

A

hemolymph: includes nutrients and hormones, but it does not carry oxygen

26
Q

What are spiracles

A
  • pro: prevent water lost
  • con: things from crawling inside the body
  • protective lattice that excludes any dust or eggs
  • valve that opens and closes with a muscle to prevent water lost
27
Q

What is taenida?

A

protein structures that provide structure for the trachioles; without this the tube would collapse and break

28
Q

what are the trachioles?

A

the ones that deliver oxygen straight to the cell

29
Q

how does air flow within the hexapod

A

spiracle –> protective lattice –> valve –> taenida –> trachea –> trachioles –> cell–> mitochondria

30
Q

how do aquatic insects breathe?

A

they have gills; flat leaf like structures for surface area

31
Q

How do insects osmoregualate?

A
  • osomoregulation occurs in the hindgut
    • malphigan tubulues: snake throughout out the body to activate transport salt and any metabolic waste into the threads
    • the interior has higher concentration then the exterior causing water to diffuse into it
    • last stop is the rectal glands
      • concentrate the waste, actively transport salts/water you want to keep
32
Q

How do insects sense their environment

A

compound eyes, ocelli, sensible, antennae. tympanic organs,

33
Q

describe compound eyes

A
  • large
  • multiple facets /projectors
  • can sense motion quickly
  • some can see color
34
Q

describe ocelli

A
  • not all of them have them
  • cluster them in the middle
    • 3 is the most common
  • detecting light in low light environment
  • can tell the behavior of the insect by the size of the ocelli
    • large ocelli: insects that are activate at night
    • small ocelli: insects that are active in the day
35
Q

Describe the sensilla

A
  • pad of a butterfly’s foot
  • used for tasting the substrate
    • can tell the difference of the substrates it lands on
    • can detect a hosting plant
  • tactile
    • machino-receptors: if wind or hair is brushing them or simply moving, cilia within the sensilla its gonna activate different neurons based on where and how fast it moved
  • chemosensory
    • sensory cells that log/look for specific chemicals
36
Q

describe antennae

A
  • pheromones that are transmitted by similar species or different species
    • most common intraspecific pheromones are captured by pulmons antennae (surface)
      • most of the time males, secreted by the females
  • chemical defense phermones for protection
37
Q

describe tympanic organs

A
  • taut membrane over a hollow cave
    • when surround vibrations hit it, it triggers nerve cells to translate it as sound
  • on their thorax above their hind femur
  • large tympanic for predators, prey, & find mates
38
Q

How do insects produce?

A
  • asexual and sexual development
  • sometimes males are only there for reproduction and don’t live very long
  • pheromones & sound
  • passive: males will do something and the females will go to them
  • difference in life styles
  • for example, the male moth will not get eaten but the male praying mantis would
  • therefore, the male praying mantis would often find a female on their own
  • has to convince the female to mate with them
  • dancing (coloration)
  • however, this could cause predators to see you/ prevents from ambushing, therefore colors are often hidden when not trying to attract a mate
  • nupital gifiting
  • visual displays
39
Q

Dragon Flies and the law of autonomy?

A
  • males have specialized claspers on their tails and grab on to the females
  • they will fly around and won’t let go until the female mates with them
  • the female has to consent
  • claspers can be harmful; female often has wounds
  • if multiple males mate with her, she could have her head cut off
  • females responded by acting dead after mating once
40
Q

Bed bugs and the law of autonomy

A
  • Males do not allow for consent
  • they have a penis that is a needle which stabs the female anywhere in her abdomen to inject sperm which will find its way to the eggs
  • the female can die from infections
  • Traumatic insemination

Zoology (17 decks)

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