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Zoology > Chelicerata > Flashcards

Chelicerata Flashcards

1
Q

What are the synapomorphies of Chelicerata?

A

-Chelicerae
-4 walking legs plus a pair of pedipalps
-two tagmata
-eight legs
-no mandibles/antennae

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2
Q

Describe Chelicerae

A
  • Dorsal-ventrally opposed
  • pinchers to mash up food
  • in spiders they are modified to be venom infecting fang
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3
Q

What do the function of a chelicerate’s pedipalps depend on?

A

its lineage

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4
Q

Describe two tagmata?

A

-fused segments during embryogenesis which results in lots of small appendages that can be specialized
-cephalothorax
-abdomen; most are segmented but not spiders

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5
Q

What are the synapomorphies of merostomates?

A
  • telson for steering
  • hinge
  • carapace
  • opisthostoma: back half
  • chilarium: scoopers that scoop food into their mouth
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6
Q

Describe the biology of merostomates

A
  • aquatic
  • massive carapace over their shells
  • look like crustacea but they have pedipalps and chelicerae
  • pedipalps & chelicerae are unmodified
    • ancestral
    • used for walking, pinching, and grabbing
    • pinchers on them, similar to the crustacea
  • Simple eye
    • reminiscent of the median eye of crustaceans
  • Telson for stirring
    • controlling movement underwater
  • Hinge used to protect the midsection
  • book gills, leaf like flaps used for breathing
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7
Q

Describe the biology of pycnogonids

A
  • sea spiders
  • aquatic
  • entirely marine
  • micropredators
    • dont eat the entirety of its prey just stab it and eat some of it
    • proboscis
      • has two straws: one for digestive enzymes & slurping out liquified parts of their prey
    • eat starfish, worms, and protozeans
  • in their larva form, the chelicerae has silk glands to attach to the male
    • male has ovigers, which hold on to the brooding eggs
      • paternal care of the young
  • pedipalp for eating and sensory
    • fairly unmodified, not specialized
  • highly reduced abdomen
    • digestive system and reproductive system extends into their rear legs
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8
Q

Describe the biology of araneaens

A
  • araneae: true spiders
  • typical spiders seen are cobweb, corner spiders, or weaver spiders
  • specialized to hunt a specific type of prey
    • mimic that prey to get close
  • peripheral, kleptoparasite animals that the spider would eat, but they stay out of reach and just eat the spider’s food
  • pedicel
    • strict separation of the cephalothorax and abdomen
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9
Q

How do spiders catch prey

A

-pursuit predators
-ambush predators
-can make a web

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10
Q

benefits and cons of pursuit predators

A
  • benefit: higher likelihood of getting food
  • con: high energy expenditure
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11
Q

benefits and cons ambush predators

A
  • benefit: low energy expenditure
  • con: low chance of getting food
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12
Q

describe the concept of creating a web

A
  • can slurp it up
  • create sheets of silk to save for later
  • prey is mummified/ liquified
  • gives way to kleptoparasites eating
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13
Q

How do spiders breathe?

A
  • book lung for respiration
    • leaf like halves in their abdomen
  • reproductive & respiration system in the middle
  • spinnerets at the end
    • has lots of different glands to make silk
  • venom glands in the front
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14
Q

How do spiders osmoregulate?

A
  • keep water and keep salts
  • pump water in the malphagian tubules and water flows by diffusion, waste, water & salt inside: rectal glands that pump back out salts that need to be kept
  • coxal glands to excrete waste at the base of their legs
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15
Q

How do spiders sense their environment?

A
  • use their pedipalps to sense prey
  • 8 legs with hairs sensitive to vibrations
  • use their pedipalps to tap on the ground as communication for mating and define territory
  • placement of eyes are can give way to their vision
    • side eyes for motion, middle eyes for color
    • 8 eyes
    • can also describe their species
  • extended phenotype: can send and pick up messengers through silk that are attach to them (web sensing)
    • some rely on visual signals
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16
Q

how do spiders reproduce?

A
  • Male will often bring the female food, nuptial gift
    • problem is, the female will eat the gift and still be hungry and could eventually eat the male
  • uses the pedipalp to transfer spermatophore to the female
  • some females will trick males
    • say they didn’t mate just to eat them
17
Q

What are the two kinds of venom spiders have?

A

cytotoxic, neurotoxic

18
Q

Describe neurotoxic

A
  • effects the nervous system
  • prevent neurotransmitters from being received across a synapsis
  • contract a muscle once, or a lot of times before dying
  • systematic
  • individuals die from suffocation
19
Q

Describe the cytotoxic

A
  • localized
  • destroys tissues
  • results in volcanic blisters
20
Q

Where do spiders live?

A
  • live in forests, underground, & houses
  • sometimes when water floods the tunnels, spiders get pushed out
  • diving bell spider can live underwater; has hairs around its book lungs to catch air and hold it
21
Q

Describe the biology of scorpionida

A
  • differ from spiders due to them having a post-abdominal tail called a telson
    • has a stinger filled with venom
    • Venom from a scorpion could possibly come from an immune system peptide
  • They glow under UV light
    • exoskeleton reflects uv light
    • could see uv spectrum specs, and usually done to see each other in the night
  • nocturnal
  • only have a few eyes
  • capture their prey usually at night
  • they are good parents
    • direct development
    • maternal care
      • after the eggs hatch they crawl on the back of the mother to be protected and fed
22
Q

Describe the biology of solfugids

A
  • camel spider, sun spiders, wind spiders
  • inhabit deserts in the middle east
  • long sensory pedipalps
    • pedipalps are modified to be long antennae to tap the ground to sense what is in front of them
  • not venomous
  • fast
  • nocturnal
23
Q

camel spider vs regular spiders

A
  • regular spiders secrete silk while camel spider do not
  • both have a pedistal
  • camel spiders are not venomous while regular spiders are not
  • spiders have 8 eyes while camel spiders has less than 8
24
Q

Describe the biology of opilliones

A
  • harvestmen or daddy long legs
  • pedipalps have spike for capturing prey
    • tap in front of them for sensing
  • paternal care of the eggs
    • makes nests that are judged by the female
  • in the winter they form massive clumps to keep warm
  • most seen predator in the forest
  • autonomy
    • if you break off its leg, it will regrow during its next molt
    • self-severing
  • males with secrete silk around eggs
25
Q

describe the biology of acarin ticks

A
  • pedipalps used to detect where to pierce their prey
    • heavily modifies forms of arachnids
    • micropedators/ectoparasites
    • capachilum
      • includes their pedipalps (sensors) & cheilercae (modified into piercers)
        • when they sense something they usually protect their chiercerae
    • has 3 hosts
      • small (mouse) , middle (rabiit or fox), large (deer, humans, or cow)
      • usually find their mate on their final host
      • blood is used to make eggs
    • has less chitin so it can expand
    • anti-histamines (to stop immune reaction, dont want the host to know they are on there) and anti-coagulants
    • Lyme disease carries the characteristic of a bullseyes rash
26
Q

describe the biology of acarin mites

A
  • microscopic
    • smallest arachnids
  • ectoparasites
    • most of them are scavengers
  • Phoresis
    • transport parasitism
    • not feed off the host, but using the host to move from one place to another
      • new host , home, or for protection
    • harmful
  • larval mites have 6 legs while the adults have 8 legs
  • Checkers
    • red mites/red dots
    • parasitic as larva
    • when they bite, they secrete a toxin that turns the skin cells in to a hard plate, makes the skin turn into. straw
27
Q

what do spiders understand

A

object permenance

28
Q

what do butterflies have to avoid the from getting eaten by an orb spider?

A

scales

29
Q

how does the bula spider catch prey

A

make a sticky glob, secrete a pheromone to attract moths, and throw it at the moth to eat

30
Q

How do gladiator spiders make a small web?

A

web of 4 Corners from its leg and it waits for something to come directly under It

Zoology (17 decks)

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