Heuristics and Attributions Flashcards

1
Q

Heuristics

A
  • non-statistical rule of thumb

- simple, efficient thinking strategies

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2
Q

Base rates

A
  • ignoring prior probabilities

- population influenced

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3
Q

Ignoring Sample-Size

A

finding stuff that supports your theory due to sample size

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4
Q

Misconception of Chance

A

coin toss- getting ten heads in a row and thinking you have a better chance of getting heads, still 50/50

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5
Q

Gambler’s Fallacy

A

my luck has to turn around

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6
Q

Regression to the mean

A

one large event may not be the actual mean, based on the one single observation

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7
Q

What does small sample size lead to

A

a misjudement

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8
Q

Representative Heuristic

A

based on schemas we already have

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9
Q

What are the categorizations of Representative Heuristic based on?

A

the degree that parts resemble the category

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10
Q

Why features are not always diagnostic or why we commit the representativeness heuristic

A
  • Ignoring base rates
  • ignoring sample size
  • regression to the mean
  • conjunction fallacy
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11
Q

Conjunction fallacy

A

the more narrow you make a category the less likely it is

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12
Q

Availability

A
  • Estimates of chance are biased by the ease of generating examples
  • Things that are easily recalled are very true
  • believing natural disasters kill more people than disease because we hear about freak accidents more
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13
Q

What is availability heuristic driven by

A

accessibility: availability and contents of memory

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14
Q

Ease of Retrieval of availability heuristic

A

Less is more

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15
Q

Explaining phenomena in terms of:

A
  • frequency (media bias)
  • egocentric bias
  • salience
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16
Q

Frequency (media bias)

A

hearing of car accidents a lot instead of hearing of heart attacks occur constantly

17
Q

Egocentric bias

A
  • it’s more likely for me to do it than somebody else

- our own behaviors stick out more than others’

18
Q

Salience

A

how memorable something is

19
Q

The Bridge Study (Dutton and Aron, 1974)

A
  • Would you be more nervous on the stable or “scary” bridge?
  • Male participants with a female researcher vs. with a male researcher
  • They’d meet them halfway on both bridges
  • Give them their phone number after surveying them on the bridge
  • Men called more often with a female researcher on the scary bridge because they felt aroused
20
Q

Attribution Theory motivated misattribution

A
  • misattribution of arousal

- self serving (attraction not anxiety

21
Q

Fritz Heider

A

How do we explain others’ behavior

22
Q

misattribution of others

A

fail to consider the situation

23
Q

Rational Explanation

A

use information on consistency, distinctiveness, and consensus to make attributions

24
Q

Jones and Davis (1965)

A
  • We infer that behaviors correspond with peoples’ intentions and dispositions
  • thus, a person who says something sarcastic is a sarcastic person
25
When is attribution more likely to occur according to Jones and Davis (1965)
after unexpected or unusual behavior
26
What does behavior not correspond to according to Jones and Davis
situation
27
Fundamental Attribution Error (FAE)
person or the situation
28
The FAE in everyday life
- power/ authority figures: automatically assume they're smarter/ better, however they're just playing a role - we are not as you think