Hemodynamics Part I: Edema

Question 1

vessel occlusion y excessive blood clot formation

Answer 1

thrombosis

Question 2

where does the outflow of fluid usually occur within a capillary bed

Answer 2

arterial end of circulation

the return of fluid is at the venous end

Question 3

increased fluid in the interstitial tissue spaces

Answer 3

edema

Question 4

protein-poor fluid

Answer 4

transudate

Question 5

hydrothorax

Answer 5

fluid in pleural space

Question 6

hydropericardium

Answer 6

fluid in the space between the heart and pericardium

Question 7

ascites (hydroperitoneum)

Answer 7

fluid in peritoneal space

Question 8

increased hydrostatic pressure edema characteristics

Answer 8

generalized

characteristic of CHF

produces dependent edema

Question 9

finger-shaped depression remaining after pressing on skin with finger

Answer 9

pitting edema

due to transient fluid displacement

Question 10

protein most responsible for maintaining colloid osmotic pressure

Answer 10

albumin

Question 11

liver failure of cirrhosis –>

Answer 11

decreased production of protein (albumin)

Question 12

loss of protein via glomerular injury

Answer 12

nephrotic syndrome (> 3.5)

Question 13

what does ascites result from?

Answer 13

advanced liver cirrhosis

Question 14

describe anasarca

Answer 14

severe generalized edema

lack of oncotic pressure

earliest sign is periorbital edema

Question 15

increased salt in circulation leads to (3) —>

Answer 15

• shift of fluid to intravascular space
• increased hydrostatic pressure due to expansion of fluid volume
• increased plasma water content results in decreased oncotic pressure resulting from dilution of albumin

Question 16

inflammation edema characteristics

Answer 16

increased passage of fluid into the extracellular space

localized

usually exudate

Question 17

lymphedema characteristics

Answer 17

localized

lymphatic obstruction due to inflammation or neoplasia

Question 18

elephantitis due to wuchereria bancrofti

Answer 18

lymphedema

Question 19

removal of axillary lymph nodes post-mastectomy

Answer 19

lymphedema

Question 20

clinical manifestations of pulmonary edema

Answer 20

dyspnea
-sudden, orthopnea, cyanotic, air hunger, tachypnea

cough: copious sputum, frothy, blood tinged
pulse: tachycardic, boudning

crackles and JVD

Question 21

observe: poorly defined pulmonary vessels, visible lung fissures, septal lines, thick bronchial wall, haziness on xray

Answer 21

interstitial pulmonary edema

Question 22

observe: bilateral symmetric perihilar lung consolidation

Answer 22

alveolar pulmonary edema

look also for enlarged heart and pleural effusion

Question 23

parenchymal edema may shift brain due to increased pressure and if generalized may push the brainstem down into the foramen magnum =

Answer 23

tonsillar herniation

Question 24

causes of localized cerebral edema

Answer 24

abscess
neoplasm
trauma

Question 25

causes of generalized cerebral edema

Answer 25

encephalitis
hypertensive crisis
obstruction of venous outflow
trauma

Question 26

epidural is more likely————- and subdural is more likely __________

Answer 26

epidural- arterial
subdural- venous

subarachnoid- into brain tissue, intraparenchymal hemmorhage

Question 27

gross appearance of cerebral edema

Answer 27

distended, flattened gyri and narrowed sulci due to compression of brain against skull