Hemodynamics Part I: Edema Flashcards
vessel occlusion y excessive blood clot formation
thrombosis
where does the outflow of fluid usually occur within a capillary bed
arterial end of circulation
the return of fluid is at the venous end
increased fluid in the interstitial tissue spaces
edema
protein-poor fluid
transudate
hydrothorax
fluid in pleural space
hydropericardium
fluid in the space between the heart and pericardium
ascites (hydroperitoneum)
fluid in peritoneal space
increased hydrostatic pressure edema characteristics
generalized
characteristic of CHF
produces dependent edema
finger-shaped depression remaining after pressing on skin with finger
pitting edema
due to transient fluid displacement
protein most responsible for maintaining colloid osmotic pressure
albumin
liver failure of cirrhosis –>
decreased production of protein (albumin)
loss of protein via glomerular injury
nephrotic syndrome (> 3.5)
what does ascites result from?
advanced liver cirrhosis
describe anasarca
severe generalized edema
lack of oncotic pressure
earliest sign is periorbital edema
increased salt in circulation leads to (3) —>
- shift of fluid to intravascular space
- increased hydrostatic pressure due to expansion of fluid volume
- increased plasma water content results in decreased oncotic pressure resulting from dilution of albumin
inflammation edema characteristics
increased passage of fluid into the extracellular space
localized
usually exudate
lymphedema characteristics
localized
lymphatic obstruction due to inflammation or neoplasia
elephantitis due to wuchereria bancrofti
lymphedema
removal of axillary lymph nodes post-mastectomy
lymphedema
clinical manifestations of pulmonary edema
dyspnea
-sudden, orthopnea, cyanotic, air hunger, tachypnea
cough: copious sputum, frothy, blood tinged
pulse: tachycardic, boudning
crackles and JVD
observe: poorly defined pulmonary vessels, visible lung fissures, septal lines, thick bronchial wall, haziness on xray
interstitial pulmonary edema
observe: bilateral symmetric perihilar lung consolidation
alveolar pulmonary edema
look also for enlarged heart and pleural effusion
parenchymal edema may shift brain due to increased pressure and if generalized may push the brainstem down into the foramen magnum =
tonsillar herniation
causes of localized cerebral edema
abscess
neoplasm
trauma
causes of generalized cerebral edema
encephalitis
hypertensive crisis
obstruction of venous outflow
trauma
epidural is more likely————- and subdural is more likely __________
epidural- arterial
subdural- venous
subarachnoid- into brain tissue, intraparenchymal hemmorhage
gross appearance of cerebral edema
distended, flattened gyri and narrowed sulci due to compression of brain against skull
