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Vascular board review (myultrasoundtutor) > Hemodynamics > Flashcards

Hemodynamics Flashcards

1
Q

The study of blood moving through the circulatory system describes

A

Hemodynamics

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2
Q

Blood flow depends on what 2 things

A

1) pressure gradient
2) resistance

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3
Q

How are pressure gradient and flow related

A) inverse
B) direct

A

B) direct

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4
Q

How are resistance and flow related

A) inverse
B) direct

A

A) inverse

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5
Q

The driving force behind flow is called

A

Pressure gradient

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6
Q

During systole which ventricle contracts

A

Left

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7
Q

What is another name for pressure energy

A

Potential

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8
Q

What type of energy is created by the pumping action of the heart

A

Pressure

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9
Q

What type of energy is energy of something already in motion

A

Kinetic

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10
Q

What is another name for gravitational energy

A

Hydrostatic

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11
Q

What type of energy is the weight of column of blood

A

Hydrostatic

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12
Q

Name 4 things resistance is determined by

A

1) vessel size length and diameter
2) thickness of blood
3) elasticity of walls
4) tortuous vessels

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13
Q

What changes the biggest effect of resistance of occur

A

Change in vessel diameter or radius

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14
Q

What law describes the relationship of resistance, pressure gradient and flow

A) poiseuille law
B) Bernoulli

A

A) poiseuille law

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15
Q

How are diameter and flow related

A

Directly

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16
Q

How are diameter and resistance related

A

Inversely

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17
Q

How is flow related to length and viscosity

A

Inversely

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18
Q

1) smaller radius
2) higher resistance
3) less volume
4) less diastole
All describe

A

Vasoconstricted

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19
Q

1) larger radius
2) less resistance
3) more volume
4) more diastole
All describe

A

Vaso dilated

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20
Q

Name the 7 vessels that are high resistive

A

1) ECA
2) fasting SMA
3) infrarenal AO
4) peripheral arteries ( CFA, SFA, subclavain, brachial)

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21
Q

Name the 7 vessels that are low resistance

A

1) ICA
2) post prandial SMA
3) supra renal aorta
4) organ arteries( celiac, hepatic, splenic, and renal)

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22
Q

What kind of resistance has little or no diastolic flow shows flow reversal and does “stop and go”

A

High resistance

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23
Q

What type of resistance has more diastolic flow and has a constant forward flow that’s non stop

A

Low resistance

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24
Q

Cold, stress and smoking cause what to happen to vessels
A) vaso constrict
B) vaso dilate

A

A) vaso constrict

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25
Q

Heat, exercise, and stenosis/ distal ischemia cause what to happen to vessels
A) vaso constrict
B) vaso dilate

A

B) Vaso dilate

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26
Q

What effect describes the relationship of pressure and velocity when radius changes

A

Bernoulli effect

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27
Q

How are pressure and velocity related

A

Inverse

28
Q

What effect is responsible for flow separations

A

Bernoulli effect

29
Q

Name the 2 types of blood flow

A

1) laminar
2) turbulent

30
Q

What type of flow moves in concentric streamlines or layers

A

Laminar

31
Q

This type of blood flow is considered organzied

A

Laminar

32
Q

What type of flow is seen by the quality of the spectral window

A

Laminar

33
Q

The spectral window indicates what type of flow

A

Laminar

34
Q

Name the 2 types of laminar flow

A

1) parabolic
2) plug

35
Q

What is the most common type of flow

A

Parabolic

36
Q

Parabolic flow has the highest velocities where in a vessel

A

In the center

37
Q

Parabolic flow has the lowest velocities where in a vessel

A

Next to the the wall

38
Q

What type of flow is found at the origin of vessels

A

Plug

39
Q

What type of flow is abnormal and considered disorganized

A

Turbulent

40
Q

What type of blood flow forms eddy currents

A

Turbulent

41
Q

Turbulent blood flow is often seen where

A

Distal to a stenosis or tortuous vessels

42
Q

The Reynolds number is considered critical at what value

A

Greater than 2000

43
Q

What are the 2 main factors for the Reynolds number

A

1) radius
2) velocity

44
Q

How are radius and velocity related

A

Direct

45
Q

When does post stenotic turbulence occur

A

After stenosis when vessel diameter is larger

46
Q

What does spectral broadening indicate

A

Turbulence

47
Q

Hemodynamically significant means the stenosis has reached at least what % diameter reduction

A

50%

48
Q

A 50% diameter= _____% area reduction

A

75%

49
Q

_____ to a stenosis has a high resistance waveform or absent diastolic component

A

Proximal

50
Q

______ a stenosis the PSV and EDV are elevated

A

At the stenosis

51
Q

______ to a stenosis has turbulent flow patterns and and low resistance waveforms

A

Distal to a stenosis

52
Q

Monophasic, continuous with rounded peak and slow upstroke describes

A

Tardus parvus

53
Q

A tardus parvus waveform indicates the presence of what level of disease

A) proximal
B) distal

A

A) proximal

54
Q

Proximal to a stenosis = ______ obstruction

A

Distal

55
Q

Distal to a stenosis = ______ obstruction

A

Proximal

56
Q

What increases to compensate for a reduction in vessel area?

a) Resistance
b) Volume
c) Pressure
d) Velocity

A

d) velocity

According to the Law of Conservation of Mass, when there is a reduction in vessel radius or area, the velocity must increase to maintain the volume

57
Q

What describes a decrease in pressure in an area of higher flow speeds

a) reynolds number
b) nyquist limit
c) bernoulli effect
d) poiseuilles law

A

c) bernoulli effect
The bernoulli effect states that pressure and velocity are inversely related

58
Q

Which of the following scenarios will most likely result in turbulent flow?

a) 5 mm vessel at 90cm/s
b) 2 mm vessel at 280cm/s
c) 1 mm vessel at 90cm/s
d) 5 mm vessel at 280cm/s

A

d) 5mm vessel at 280cm/s

According to reynolds number the radius and velocity are both directly related to the likelihood of the turbulent flow

59
Q

What term best describes flow that moves in parallel streamlines inside a tube?

a) turbulent
b) plug
c) laminar
d) parabolic

A

c) laminar

60
Q

What increases to compensate for a reduction in vessel area?

a) velocity
b) resistance
c) pressure
d) volume

A

a) velocity

61
Q

What is the significance of a monophasic, continuous waveform with a slow upstroke?

a) distal arterial occlusion
b) proximal arterial obstruction
c) normal vasodilation response
d) proximal venous obstruction

A

b) proximal arterial obstruction

this describes the tardus parvus waveform contour. This means we have arterial disease proximally and the waveform is documented distal

62
Q

According to Poiseuilles law, what will happen to flow if the pressure difference increases?

a) flow velocity will increase
b) flow becomes turbulent
c) flow velocity decreases
d) flow rate will increase

A

d) flow rate will increase

63
Q

BOARD QUESTION!!!

What cardiac event coincides with normal arterial flow reversal?

a) aortic valve closure
b) maximum ventricular contraction
c) mitral valve closure
d) maximum ventricular relaxation

A

a) aortic valve closure

-late systolic aortic valve closure results in a dramatic increase in pressure energy. The moving blood hits the “wall” of high peripheral resistance resulting in diastolic flow reversal

64
Q

What best describes high resistance as seen on a doppler waveform

a) Decreased peak systolic velocity
b) Decreased end diastolic velocity
c) Increased end diastolic velocity
d) Increased peak systolic velocity

A

b) Decreased end diastolic velocity

The resistance is seen by how much DIASTOLIC flow there is. More diastole means more volume and more volume means low resistance. The higher the resistance, the lower the volume flow and the lower the diastolic flow

65
Q

Which of the following principles, effects, or laws apply to decreased pressure with increase flow speed?

a) Bernoulli effect
b) Poiseuille law
c) Reynolds law
d) Murphys law

A

a) Bernoulli effect

66
Q

The highest pressure in the arterial system is found in what region or organ?

a) Posterior tibial arteries
b) Left ventricle of the heart
c) Abdominal aorta
d) Internal carotid artery

A

b) Left ventricle of the heart

67
Q

What is the most significant factor affecting diastolic blood flow in the lower extremities?

a) cardiac output
b) Systemic blood pressure
c) Vasodilation in the capillary bed
d) Vasoconstriction/dilation in the arterioles

A

d) Vasoconstriction/dilation in the arterioles

Vascular board review (myultrasoundtutor) (23 decks)

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