Hemodynamic disorders

Question 1

What are the 5 method of getting edema?

Answer 1

1. Increase hydrostatic pressure
2. Reduced Plasma Osmotic Pressure
3. Sodium and Water Retention
4. Lymphatic Obstruction
5. Inflammation

Question 2

What condition characterizes a regional increase in hydrostatic pressure? Systemic increase?

Answer 2

Deep Venous Thrombosis; Congestive Heart Failure

Question 3

What causes reduced plasma osmotic pressure?

Answer 3

Albumin loss (Nephrotic syndrome) or reduced albumin synthesis (cirrhosis or protein malnutrition)

Question 4

What causes water retention?

Answer 4

Anti diuretic hormone release due to increased plasma osmolarity.

Question 5

What are the consequences of Subcutaneous edema? Pulmonary edema? Brain edema?

Answer 5

Subcutaneous: Prevents wound healing or clearance of infection.
Pulmonary: Fluid in alveolar septae impede oxygen diffusion.
Brain: May lead to herniation through foramen magnum.

Question 6

What is hyperemia?

Answer 6

An active process resulting from arteriolar dialtion and increased blood flow; Tissues are redder from engorgement with oxygenated blood.

Question 7

What is Congestion?

Answer 7

A passive process resulting from impaired outflow of venous blood from a tissue; Tissues are blue-red from engorgement of of deoxygenated hemoglobin.

Question 8

Discuss acute pulmonary congestion

Answer 8

Marked by blood-engorged alveolar capillaries

Question 9

Discuss chronic pulmonary congestion

Answer 9

The septa become thickened and fibrotic and the alveolar spaces contain macrophages laden with hemosiderin.

Question 10

Discuss Acute hepatic congestion of the liver

Answer 10

Central vein and sinusoids are distended with blood

Question 11

Discuss Chronic passive congestion of the liver

Answer 11

Central regions of hepatic lobules are red brown and depressed (nutmeg liver)

Question 12

Define hematoma

Answer 12

A hemorrhage that is external or accumulate within a tissue.

Question 13

Differentiate petechiae, purpura, ecchymose

Answer 13

All hemorrhages except differ in size.

Question 14

Explain Virchow’s triad

Answer 14

Lead to thrombus formation.

1. Endothelial injury
2. Stasis or turbulent blood flow
3. Hypercoagulability of blood.

Question 15

Where do arterial thrombi form versus venous thrombi?

Answer 15

Arterial thrombi usually form at sites of endothelial injury; Venous thrombi occur at sites of stasis