Adaptive Growth Responses

Question 1

Describe the morphologic ap.proach to pathology

Answer 1

Uses descriptions and interpretations of structural changes or lesions in cells, tissues and organs.

Question 2

Describe the Pathophysiologic approach to pathology.

Answer 2

Emphasizes the how and why of the disease; Treats the disease as a sequence of events.

Question 3

What is a lesion?

Answer 3

A pathologic abnormality in a cell, tisssue or organ

1. Structural: Morphologically detectible
2. Functional: Preceeds structural and may be detected biochemically.

Question 4

What is an etiology?

Answer 4

The cause of disease

Question 5

Discuss an Adapted Cell

Answer 5

A cell in an altered state of homeostasis. May have new levels of metabolic activities; Cell not in danger of dying.

Question 6

What are the 5 reversible morphologic changes?

Answer 6

1. Atrophy
2. Hypertrophy
3. Hyperplasia
4. Metaplasia
5. Ultrastructural changes.

Question 7

Discuss an Injured cell

Answer 7

Unable to maintain a normal or adapted homeostatic state; In danger of dying.

1. Cell swelling/Hydropic degeneration.
2. Fatty Change/Steatosis

Question 8

Describe the proliferative capacity among cell types.

Answer 8

1. Labile: Continuosly renewable cells.
2. Stable: No multiplication once they’re differentiated but retain the ability to do so.
3. Permanent: Lose capacity to multiply once they’ve differentiated

Question 9

What cell types can undergo hyperplasia?

Answer 9

Only in labile and stable cell types; Reversible if the stimulus is removed.

Question 10

When does physiologic hyperplasia occur?

Answer 10

In response to hormonal stimulation

Question 11

What are the 4 causes of pathologic hyperplasia?

Answer 11

1. Excessive hormonal stimulation.
2. Chronic irritation: Mechanical or physical stress, toxins or inflammation.
3. Increased Functional demand
4. Viral Infections

Question 12

Whats the biggest difference between hyperplasia and hypertrophy?

Answer 12

In hypertrophy, there are changes in cellular protein that affect cell function rather than cell proliferation.

Question 13

What is the relationship between hypertrophy and hyperplasia?

Answer 13

Not all cell types that can undergo hypertrophy can undergo hyperplasia.

Question 14

What would an atrophic cell have?

Answer 14

1. Less rough ER
2. Fewer mitochondria
3. Loss of specialized functions.

Question 15

What can cause pathologic atrophy

Answer 15

1. Decrease in workload
2. Decrease in nutrient supply
3. Decrease in neural stimulation.

Question 16

Distinguish pressure atrophy from senile atrophy.

Answer 16

1. Pressure: When direct pressure on cells from an expanding mass.
2. Senile: Due to aging.

Question 17

Distinguish Atrophy from Hypoplasia

Answer 17

Hypoplasia is a non-adaptive developmental defect.; The organ never attained normal size

Question 18

Define Metaplasia

Answer 18

The substitution of one type of differentiated cell type with another.

Question 19

What causes metaplasia?

Answer 19

Cytokines, growth factors and extracellular matrix components.