Hemodyanamic Disorders I Flashcards
thrombosis
excessive blood clot formation
edema
increased fluid in interstitial tissue spaces
transudate
protein-poor fluid in edema
hydrothorax
fluid in pleural space
hydropericardium
fluid in space between heart and pericardium
ascites (hydroperitoneum)
fluid in peritoneal space
Things that can cause elevated hydrostatic presssure
CHF, constrictive pericarditis, ascities, venous obstruction or compression
things that can cause decreased plasma oncotic pressure
nephortic syndrome, end stage liver disease, malnutrition, protein losing gastroenteropathy
things that can cause lymphatic obstriction
inflammation
neoplasia
surgery
postirradation
things that can cause sodium retention
renin angiotensin aldosterone, renal insufficiency
things that can cause infllmation
angiogenesis
What are the 3 primary mechanisms that cause edema
heart failure, malnutrition, renal failure
what kind of edema does increased hydrostatic pressure cause
dependent
albumin
protein most responsible for maintaining colloid osmotic pressure
what do you get ascites from
advanced liver cirrhosis
anasarca
severe generalized edema
due to lack of oncotic pressure
what is the earliest sign of anasarca
periorbital edema
what does an increase of salt in circulation cause
shift of fluid to intravascular space
increased hydrostatic pressure due to expansion of fluid volume
increased plasma water content results in deceased oncotic pressure
what type of edema is inflammation
normally localized, but can be generalized if result of systemic inflammatory response
what does edema look like histologically
clearing and separation of ECM elements
may see pink staining if protein content is significant
common causes of cardiogenic pulmonary edema
Left ventricular failure
myocardial infarction
systemic hypertension
What does pulmonary edema present as
dyspnea, cough, tachycardia, hear crackles or rains when breathing, engorged neck veins
interstitial pulmonary edema
poorly defined pulmonary vessels
visible lung fissures
septal lines
thick bronchial walls
alveolar pulmonary edema
bilateral symmetric perihilar lung consolidation
what does interstitial pulmonary edema look like on an xray
hazy
what does alveolar pulmonary edema look like on xray
densities
what does pulmonary edema look like in gross
exaggerated lobular structures, frothy
what does pulmonary edema look like histologically
pink fluid
hemosiderin laden macrophages
thick alveolar septa
tonsillar herniation
cerebral edema that pushes brainstem down into foramen magnum
causes of localized cerebral edema
abcess, neoplasm, trauma
causes of generalized cerebral edema
encephalitis, hypertensive crisis, obstructive of venous outflow, trauma
what does cerebral edema look like in gross
distended flatten gyri, narrowed sulci
