Hematopoiesis Flashcards
1
Q
How many platelets are produced per day?
A
200 billion
2
Q
Name the 2 kinds of pluripotential stem cells.
A
1) CFU-GEMM 2) CFU-L
2
Q
What does IL-3 do?
A
promotes production of basophils
3
Q
What does M-CSF stand for?
A
Monocyte colony stimulating factor
3
Q
Name the erythroid precursors in ascending order of maturity.
A
pronormoblast basophilic normoblast polychromatophilic normoblast orthochromatic normoblast reticulocyte erythrocyte
3
Q
When the cell undergoes repeated DNA doublings without undergoing cell division, this is called _____.
A
endoreduplication
4
Q
Describe a Monocyte.
A
15-18 micrometer diameter; blue cytoplasm with red-purple granules; no nucleoli
5
Q
Burst Forming Unit-Erythroid (BFU-E) is the progenitor cell that gives rise to _____.
A
CFU-E
6
Q
By the time an individual is 18 to 20 years old, 90% of hematopoietically active marrow is located in the _____, ____, _____, _____, and _____.
A
vertebrae; pelvis; sternum; ribs; skull
7
Q
The _____ eventually flows into a central vein and from there into the systemic circulation.
A
capillary-venous sinus blood
8
Q
What is the half life, in circulation, of a neutrophil?
A
7 hours
8
Q
Stem cells give rise to ______, which in turn give rise to precursor cells.
A
progenitor cells
9
Q
_____ are capable of cell division but cannot self-renew.
A
Precursors
9
Q
Precursors are capable of ____ but cannot _____.
A
cell division; self-renew
9
Q
What does Granulocyte colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) do?
A
promotes granulopoiesis
9
Q
What promotes production of eosinophils?
A
IL-5
11
Q
Hematopoiesis outside of the bone marrow after birth is abnormal and is called ______.
A
extramedullary hematopoiesis
12
Q
How many RBCs are produced every day?
A
175 billion
14
Q
What is the average life span of a platelet?
A
7-10 days
14
Q
What does Monocyte colony stimulating factor (M-CSF)do?
A
promotes monopoiesis
15
Q
What does IL-3 stand for?
A
Interleukin-3
15
Q
Describe a platelet.
A
2 to 4 micro-m in diameter; anucleate; granular and purplish
16
Q
The capillary-venous sinus blood eventually flows into a central vein and from there into the ______.
A
systemic circulation
17
Q
What is self-renewal?
A
mitosis produces daughter stem cells that are unchanged from the parent as well as cells that can commit to a lineage
18
What promotes granulopoiesis and monopoiesis?
GM-CSF
20
Where does hematopoiesis occur in the early embryo?
in the yolk sac
20
Describe a Monoblast.
16 micro-m in diameter; slightly indented nucleus; very blue cytoplasm; no granules
21
What is the Myeloid:erythroid ratio (M:E ratio)?
the ratio of granulocytic to erythroid precursors in the bone marrow
22
Describe a Megakaryoblast.
20 to 30 micro-m in diameter; large round nucleus; small rim of cytoplasm
23
When does hematopoiesis occur in the yolk sac?
until 3 mos gestation
24
Describe a Band.
13 micro-m; horseshoe shaped nucleus; almost completely secondary granules
25
What is the M:E ratio in healthy bone marrow?
3:1
26
Where are platelets shed from the megakaryocyte to?
directly into the marrow vascular sinuses from the ends of megakaryocyte cytoplasmic arms that extend through the endothelium into the vascular lumens
27
\_\_\_\_\_ course into and through the bone marrow and branch into capillaryvenous sinuses.
Nutrient arteries
29
What does CFU-L stand for?
colony forming unit- lymphoid
30
Describe a pronormoblast.
18 micro-m in diameter; large nucleus contains finely granular chromatin; one to two fairly inconspicuous nucleoli; cytoplasm contains a lot of RNA so it stains intensely blue
30
Bone marrow cellularity = ?
100- age
31
What does CFU-GEMM stand for?
colony forming unit- granulocyte/erythroid/monocyte/megakaryocyte
32
What does GM-CSF stand for?
Granulocyte-monocyte colony stimulating factor
33
The erythrocyte cytoplasm progressively accumulates _____ and organelles are progressively lost.
hemoglobin
34
Describe a Polychromatophilic normoblast.
10-12 micro-m in diameter; hemoglobin starting to accumulate; plentiful RNA imparts a purplish-blue color to the cytoplasm; nucleus smaller; chromatin in chunks
35
What is EPO?
Erythropoietin; promotes erythropoiesis in response to hypoxia
35
Describe a Reticulocyte.
anucleate; bluish-purple tinge and is said to be polychromatophilic; ribosomes and mitochondria condense and form strands
36
What is the Megakaryocyte to platelet scheme?
megakaryoblast to promegakaryocyte to megakaryocyte to platelet
38
Capillary-venous sinuses are composed of \_\_\_\_\_\_, \_\_\_\_\_, and \_\_\_\_\_\_.
an endothelial cell layer, basement membrane, and an adventitial layer
40
What are the myeloid progenitors?
CFU-GM (Granulocyte/Macrophage); CFU-G (Granulocyte); CFU-M (Monocyte); CFU-E (Erythroid); CFU-Meg (Megakaryocyte); CFU-Eo (Eosinophil); CFU-Baso (Basophil).
41
Stem cells give rise to progenitor cells, which in turn give rise to \_\_\_\_\_.
precursor cells
41
What is a CFU-GEMM?
the mother of all non-lymphoid blood cells
42
The "\_\_\_\_\_\_" of the bone marrow means the portion of the marrow that is hematopoietically active.
cellularity
44
\_\_\_\_\_\_ give rise to progenitor cells, which in turn give rise to precursor cells.
Stem cells
45
Describe Erythrocytes.
7 to 8 micro-m in diameter; biconcave; central area of pallor; orange-red in color
46
When does hematopoiesis occur in the liver and spleen?
in gestational months 3 thru 7
47
Describe an Orthochromatic normoblast.
8-10 micro-m in diameter; cytoplasm has a distinct red-orange hue; small, shrunken pyknotic nucleus
48
The cellularity of the bone marrow decreases with \_\_\_\_.
age
50
Where does hematopoiesis occur from gestational months 3-7?
the liver and spleen
51
The ______ is used to assess bone marrow iron stores – iron stains blue.
Prussian blue stain
53
Stromal elements include \_\_\_\_\_, \_\_\_\_\_, \_\_\_\_\_, \_\_\_\_\_, \_\_\_\_\_, \_\_\_\_\_, and \_\_\_\_\_\_.
endothelial cells; reticular cells; fibroblasts; lymphocytes; macrophages; adipocytes; and the extracellular matrix
54
\_\_\_\_\_\_ results in the formation of a reticulocyte.
Extrusion of the pyknotic nucleus
55
The erythrocyte cytoplasm progressively accumulates hemoglobin and organelles \_\_\_\_\_.
are progressively lost
56
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ is abnormal and is called extramedullary hematopoiesis.
Hematopoiesis outside of the bone marrow after birth
57
What causes EPO to be released?
hypoxia
58
What does IL-5 stand for?
Interleukin-5
59
Describe a Myeloblast.
15 micro-m across; high nuclear to cytoplasmic ratio; 1 or more nucleoli; blue cytoplasm b/c of RNA but no granules
60
Describe a Basophilic normoblast.
12 to 14 micro-m in diameter; basophilic cytoplasm; Coarse condensation of the nuclear chromatin has begun
61
Which cell undergoes endoreduplication?
the megakaryocyte
61
What is the largest cell in the peripheral blood?
a monocyte
63
Extrusion of the pyknotic nucleus results in the formation of a \_\_\_\_\_\_.
reticulocyte
64
Precursor cells mature into \_\_\_\_\_\_.
the mature cells
66
What does IL-5 do?
promotes production of eosinophils
67
What does Granulocyte-monocyte colony stimulating factor do?
promotes granulopoiesis and monopoiesis
69
\_\_\_\_\_ is the progenitor cell that gives rise to CFU-E.
Burst Forming Unit-Erythroid (BFU-E)
70
What promotes megakaryopoiesis?
Thrombopoietin (TPO)
71
Describe a Promyelocyte.
20 micro-m across; coarse cromatin; large purple granules in blue cytoplasm
72
What does G-CSF stand for?
Granulocyte colony stimulating factor
72
Describe a Seg.
same as a band but nucleus has 2-5 lobes (usually 3)
73
\_\_\_\_\_\_ mature into the mature cells.
Precursor cells
75
Name the Granulocytic precursors in ascending order of maturity.
myeloblast promyelocyte myelocyte metamyelocyte band segmented granulocyte (seg)
76
What is the end result of endoreduplication?
a multilobulated nucleus containing 16, 32 or 64 sets of chromosomes
76
Describe a promonocyte.
16-18 micro-m in diameter; indented nucleus; 1+ nucleoli; red-purple granules in blue cytoplasm
77
Describe an Eosinophil.
13 micro-m in diameter; orange-red granules; segmented nucleus is usually bilobed (oval shaped)
78
multipotential hematopoietic stem cell (HSC)
gives rise to all blood cells- mother of all stem cells- gives rise to lymphoid and myeloid lines
79
What are HGFs?
hematopoietic growth factors
80
Describe a Megakaryocyte.
lobulated nucleus; copious cytoplasm that appears finely granular and purplish
81
\_\_\_\_\_\_ travel through the blood to the connective tissues of the body where they become macrophages.
Monocytes
82
What is the average life span of an RBC?
120 days
82
What promotes production of basophils?
IL-3
83
What does lymphoid refer to?
T cells, B cells, and NK cells
85
What is TPO?
Thrombopoietin- promotes megakaryopoiesis
86
The Prussian blue stain is used to assess iron stores – iron stains \_\_\_\_\_.
blue
88
What is endoreduplication?
repeated DNA doublings w/o division
89
\_\_\_\_\_\_ include endothelial cells; reticular cells; fibroblasts; lymphocytes; macrophages; adipocytes; and the extracellular matrix.
Stromal elements
90
Name the monocyte/macrophage lineage scheme.
monoblast to promonocyte to monocyte
92
Describe a Myelocyte.
15 micro-m across; lavender secondary granules; can still divide
93
What is a CFU-L?
the mother of all lymphoid cells
94
By the time an individual is \_\_\_\_\_\_, _____ of hematopoietically active marrow is located in the vertebrae, pelvis, sternum, ribs and skull.
18 to 20 years old; 90%
95
Normally only _____ are allowed to pass from the marrow into the sinuses and subsequently into the peripheral circulation.
mature cells
96
Normally only mature cells are allowed to pass from the marrow into the _____ and subsequently into the \_\_\_\_\_.
sinuses; peripheral circulation
97
How many neutrophils are produced per day?
70 billion
99
Nutrient arteries course into and through the bone marrow and branch into \_\_\_\_\_.
capillaryvenous sinuses
100
\_\_\_\_\_\_ are composed of an endothelial cell layer, basement membrane, and an adventitial layer.
Capillary-venous sinuses
101
Monocytes travel through the blood to the connective tissues of the body where they become \_\_\_\_\_\_.
macrophages
102
The "cellularity" of the bone marrow means the portion of the marrow that is \_\_\_\_\_\_.
hematopoietically active
103
Describe a Metamyelocyte.
14-15 micro-m; pinkish-purple cytoplasm bc of all the granules; indented nucleus
104
Describe a Promegakaryocyte.
lobated nucleus; granules in very blue cytoplasm
105
Describe a Basophil.
10 micro-m in diameter; lobular but nonsegmented nucleus; blue-purple granules
106
\_\_\_\_\_ give rise to the mature, functional cells in the peripheral blood, lymphoid organs, and reticuloendothelial system.
Precursor cells
107
The capillary-venous sinus blood eventually flows into a _____ and from there into the systemic circulation.
central vein
