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Blood and Lymph > Hematopoiesis > Flashcards

Hematopoiesis Flashcards

1
Q

How many platelets are produced per day?

A

200 billion

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2
Q

Name the 2 kinds of pluripotential stem cells.

A

1) CFU-GEMM 2) CFU-L

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2
Q

What does IL-3 do?

A

promotes production of basophils

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3
Q

What does M-CSF stand for?

A

Monocyte colony stimulating factor

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3
Q

Name the erythroid precursors in ascending order of maturity.

A

pronormoblast  basophilic normoblast  polychromatophilic normoblast  orthochromatic normoblast  reticulocyte  erythrocyte

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3
Q

When the cell undergoes repeated DNA doublings without undergoing cell division, this is called _____.

A

endoreduplication

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4
Q

Describe a Monocyte.

A

15-18 micrometer diameter; blue cytoplasm with red-purple granules; no nucleoli

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5
Q

Burst Forming Unit-Erythroid (BFU-E) is the progenitor cell that gives rise to _____.

A

CFU-E

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6
Q

By the time an individual is 18 to 20 years old, 90% of hematopoietically active marrow is located in the _____, ____, _____, _____, and _____.

A

vertebrae; pelvis; sternum; ribs; skull

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7
Q

The _____ eventually flows into a central vein and from there into the systemic circulation.

A

capillary-venous sinus blood

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8
Q

What is the half life, in circulation, of a neutrophil?

A

7 hours

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8
Q

Stem cells give rise to ______, which in turn give rise to precursor cells.

A

progenitor cells

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9
Q

_____ are capable of cell division but cannot self-renew.

A

Precursors

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9
Q

Precursors are capable of ____ but cannot _____.

A

cell division; self-renew

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9
Q

What does Granulocyte colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) do?

A

promotes granulopoiesis

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9
Q

What promotes production of eosinophils?

A

IL-5

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11
Q

Hematopoiesis outside of the bone marrow after birth is abnormal and is called ______.

A

extramedullary hematopoiesis

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12
Q

How many RBCs are produced every day?

A

175 billion

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14
Q

What is the average life span of a platelet?

A

7-10 days

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14
Q

What does Monocyte colony stimulating factor (M-CSF)do?

A

promotes monopoiesis

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15
Q

What does IL-3 stand for?

A

Interleukin-3

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15
Q

Describe a platelet.

A

2 to 4 micro-m in diameter; anucleate; granular and purplish

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16
Q

The capillary-venous sinus blood eventually flows into a central vein and from there into the ______.

A

systemic circulation

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17
Q

What is self-renewal?

A

mitosis produces daughter stem cells that are unchanged from the parent as well as cells that can commit to a lineage

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18
Q

What promotes granulopoiesis and monopoiesis?

A

GM-CSF

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20
Q

Where does hematopoiesis occur in the early embryo?

A

in the yolk sac

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20
Q

Describe a Monoblast.

A

16 micro-m in diameter; slightly indented nucleus; very blue cytoplasm; no granules

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21
Q

What is the Myeloid:erythroid ratio (M:E ratio)?

A

the ratio of granulocytic to erythroid precursors in the bone marrow

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22
Q

Describe a Megakaryoblast.

A

20 to 30 micro-m in diameter; large round nucleus; small rim of cytoplasm

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23
Q

When does hematopoiesis occur in the yolk sac?

A

until 3 mos gestation

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24
Q

Describe a Band.

A

13 micro-m; horseshoe shaped nucleus; almost completely secondary granules

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25
Q

What is the M:E ratio in healthy bone marrow?

A

3:1

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26
Q

Where are platelets shed from the megakaryocyte to?

A

directly into the marrow vascular sinuses from the ends of megakaryocyte cytoplasmic arms that extend through the endothelium into the vascular lumens

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27
Q

_____ course into and through the bone marrow and branch into capillaryvenous sinuses.

A

Nutrient arteries

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29
Q

What does CFU-L stand for?

A

colony forming unit- lymphoid

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30
Q

Describe a pronormoblast.

A

18 micro-m in diameter; large nucleus contains finely granular chromatin; one to two fairly inconspicuous nucleoli; cytoplasm contains a lot of RNA so it stains intensely blue

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30
Q

Bone marrow cellularity = ?

A

100- age

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31
Q

What does CFU-GEMM stand for?

A

colony forming unit- granulocyte/erythroid/monocyte/megakaryocyte

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32
Q

What does GM-CSF stand for?

A

Granulocyte-monocyte colony stimulating factor

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33
Q

The erythrocyte cytoplasm progressively accumulates _____ and organelles are progressively lost.

A

hemoglobin

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34
Q

Describe a Polychromatophilic normoblast.

A

10-12 micro-m in diameter; hemoglobin starting to accumulate; plentiful RNA imparts a purplish-blue color to the cytoplasm; nucleus smaller; chromatin in chunks

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35
Q

What is EPO?

A

Erythropoietin; promotes erythropoiesis in response to hypoxia

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35
Q

Describe a Reticulocyte.

A

anucleate; bluish-purple tinge and is said to be polychromatophilic; ribosomes and mitochondria condense and form strands

36
Q

What is the Megakaryocyte to platelet scheme?

A

megakaryoblast to promegakaryocyte to megakaryocyte to platelet

38
Q

Capillary-venous sinuses are composed of ______, _____, and ______.

A

an endothelial cell layer, basement membrane, and an adventitial layer

40
Q

What are the myeloid progenitors?

A

CFU-GM (Granulocyte/Macrophage); CFU-G (Granulocyte); CFU-M (Monocyte); CFU-E (Erythroid); CFU-Meg (Megakaryocyte); CFU-Eo (Eosinophil); CFU-Baso (Basophil).

41
Q

Stem cells give rise to progenitor cells, which in turn give rise to _____.

A

precursor cells

41
Q

What is a CFU-GEMM?

A

the mother of all non-lymphoid blood cells

42
Q

The “______” of the bone marrow means the portion of the marrow that is hematopoietically active.

A

cellularity

44
Q

______ give rise to progenitor cells, which in turn give rise to precursor cells.

A

Stem cells

45
Q

Describe Erythrocytes.

A

7 to 8 micro-m in diameter; biconcave; central area of pallor; orange-red in color

46
Q

When does hematopoiesis occur in the liver and spleen?

A

in gestational months 3 thru 7

47
Q

Describe an Orthochromatic normoblast.

A

8-10 micro-m in diameter; cytoplasm has a distinct red-orange hue; small, shrunken pyknotic nucleus

48
Q

The cellularity of the bone marrow decreases with ____.

A

age

50
Q

Where does hematopoiesis occur from gestational months 3-7?

A

the liver and spleen

51
Q

The ______ is used to assess bone marrow iron stores – iron stains blue.

A

Prussian blue stain

53
Q

Stromal elements include _____, _____, _____, _____, _____, _____, and ______.

A

endothelial cells; reticular cells; fibroblasts; lymphocytes; macrophages; adipocytes; and the extracellular matrix

54
Q

______ results in the formation of a reticulocyte.

A

Extrusion of the pyknotic nucleus

55
Q

The erythrocyte cytoplasm progressively accumulates hemoglobin and organelles _____.

A

are progressively lost

56
Q

_______ is abnormal and is called extramedullary hematopoiesis.

A

Hematopoiesis outside of the bone marrow after birth

57
Q

What causes EPO to be released?

A

hypoxia

58
Q

What does IL-5 stand for?

A

Interleukin-5

59
Q

Describe a Myeloblast.

A

15 micro-m across; high nuclear to cytoplasmic ratio; 1 or more nucleoli; blue cytoplasm b/c of RNA but no granules

60
Q

Describe a Basophilic normoblast.

A

12 to 14 micro-m in diameter; basophilic cytoplasm; Coarse condensation of the nuclear chromatin has begun

61
Q

Which cell undergoes endoreduplication?

A

the megakaryocyte

61
Q

What is the largest cell in the peripheral blood?

A

a monocyte

63
Q

Extrusion of the pyknotic nucleus results in the formation of a ______.

A

reticulocyte

64
Q

Precursor cells mature into ______.

A

the mature cells

66
Q

What does IL-5 do?

A

promotes production of eosinophils

67
Q

What does Granulocyte-monocyte colony stimulating factor do?

A

promotes granulopoiesis and monopoiesis

69
Q

_____ is the progenitor cell that gives rise to CFU-E.

A

Burst Forming Unit-Erythroid (BFU-E)

70
Q

What promotes megakaryopoiesis?

A

Thrombopoietin (TPO)

71
Q

Describe a Promyelocyte.

A

20 micro-m across; coarse cromatin; large purple granules in blue cytoplasm

72
Q

What does G-CSF stand for?

A

Granulocyte colony stimulating factor

72
Q

Describe a Seg.

A

same as a band but nucleus has 2-5 lobes (usually 3)

73
Q

______ mature into the mature cells.

A

Precursor cells

75
Q

Name the Granulocytic precursors in ascending order of maturity.

A

myeloblast  promyelocyte  myelocyte  metamyelocyte  band  segmented granulocyte (seg)

76
Q

What is the end result of endoreduplication?

A

a multilobulated nucleus containing 16, 32 or 64 sets of chromosomes

76
Q

Describe a promonocyte.

A

16-18 micro-m in diameter; indented nucleus; 1+ nucleoli; red-purple granules in blue cytoplasm

77
Q

Describe an Eosinophil.

A

13 micro-m in diameter; orange-red granules; segmented nucleus is usually bilobed (oval shaped)

78
Q

multipotential hematopoietic stem cell (HSC)

A

gives rise to all blood cells- mother of all stem cells- gives rise to lymphoid and myeloid lines

79
Q

What are HGFs?

A

hematopoietic growth factors

80
Q

Describe a Megakaryocyte.

A

lobulated nucleus; copious cytoplasm that appears finely granular and purplish

81
Q

______ travel through the blood to the connective tissues of the body where they become macrophages.

A

Monocytes

82
Q

What is the average life span of an RBC?

A

120 days

82
Q

What promotes production of basophils?

A

IL-3

83
Q

What does lymphoid refer to?

A

T cells, B cells, and NK cells

85
Q

What is TPO?

A

Thrombopoietin- promotes megakaryopoiesis

86
Q

The Prussian blue stain is used to assess iron stores – iron stains _____.

A

blue

88
Q

What is endoreduplication?

A

repeated DNA doublings w/o division

89
Q

______ include endothelial cells; reticular cells; fibroblasts; lymphocytes; macrophages; adipocytes; and the extracellular matrix.

A

Stromal elements

90
Q

Name the monocyte/macrophage lineage scheme.

A

monoblast to promonocyte to monocyte

92
Q

Describe a Myelocyte.

A

15 micro-m across; lavender secondary granules; can still divide

93
Q

What is a CFU-L?

A

the mother of all lymphoid cells

94
Q

By the time an individual is ______, _____ of hematopoietically active marrow is located in the vertebrae, pelvis, sternum, ribs and skull.

A

18 to 20 years old; 90%

95
Q

Normally only _____ are allowed to pass from the marrow into the sinuses and subsequently into the peripheral circulation.

A

mature cells

96
Q

Normally only mature cells are allowed to pass from the marrow into the _____ and subsequently into the _____.

A

sinuses; peripheral circulation

97
Q

How many neutrophils are produced per day?

A

70 billion

99
Q

Nutrient arteries course into and through the bone marrow and branch into _____.

A

capillaryvenous sinuses

100
Q

______ are composed of an endothelial cell layer, basement membrane, and an adventitial layer.

A

Capillary-venous sinuses

101
Q

Monocytes travel through the blood to the connective tissues of the body where they become ______.

A

macrophages

102
Q

The “cellularity” of the bone marrow means the portion of the marrow that is ______.

A

hematopoietically active

103
Q

Describe a Metamyelocyte.

A

14-15 micro-m; pinkish-purple cytoplasm bc of all the granules; indented nucleus

104
Q

Describe a Promegakaryocyte.

A

lobated nucleus; granules in very blue cytoplasm

105
Q

Describe a Basophil.

A

10 micro-m in diameter; lobular but nonsegmented nucleus; blue-purple granules

106
Q

_____ give rise to the mature, functional cells in the peripheral blood, lymphoid organs, and reticuloendothelial system.

A

Precursor cells

107
Q

The capillary-venous sinus blood eventually flows into a _____ and from there into the systemic circulation.

A

central vein

Blood and Lymph (24 decks)

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