Anemia I Flashcards
What 3 things do you check to confirm anemia?
1) HgB
2) Hct
3) RBC
At birth, infants have a very high _____ and _______ concentration.
hemoglobin; hematocrit
The ______ or ______ is helpful to determine the rate of production.
reticulocyte count; reticulocyte production index
The reticulocyte count or reticulocyte production index is helpful to determine ______.
the rate of production
In anemias which develop over weeks, _____ within the cells will increase, making the dissociation of oxygen to the tissues more efficient to compensate for the low oxygen carrying capacity.
2,3-DPG
In anemias which develop _____, 2,3-DPG within the cells will increase, making the dissociation of oxygen to the tissues more efficient to compensate for the low oxygen carrying capacity.
over weeks
______ include shortness of breath, fatigue, rapid heart rate, dizziness, claudication, and pallor.
Symptoms of anemia
Symptoms of anemia include _____, ____, _____, _____, _____, and _____.
shortness of breath; fatigue; rapid heart rate; dizziness; claudication; pallor
______ include tachycardia, tachypnea, dyspnea and pallor.
Physical signs of anemia
Physical signs of anemia include _____, _____, _____, and _____.
tachycardia; tachypnea; dyspnea; pallor
Family history of _____, _____, ______, ______, or ______ is helpful in defining a familial predisposition for hemolytic anemias.
gallstones; jaundice; splenomegaly; splenectomy; cholecystectomy
Family history of gallstones, jaundice, splenomegaly, splenectomy, or cholecystectomy is helpful in defining a familial predisposition for _____.
hemolytic anemias
What is claudication?
pain with exercise
What is pain with exercise called?
claudication
What are the two valence states for iron?
ferric and ferrous
In aqueous solutions, iron forms insoluble hydroxides unless bound to ________.
a specific protein or other compounds
In aqueous solutions, iron forms ______ unless bound to a specific protein or other compounds.
insoluble hydroxides
Iron salts are _____ in low pH.
more soluble
Iron salts are more soluble in _____.
low pH
What is the mechanism for iron excretion from the body?
there isn’t one
Iron balance in the body is controlled by _____.
absorption
Losses of iron each day are small and include loss from ______.
exfoliation of skin and mucosal surfaces in the urine or with menstruation
Where is the majority of the body’s iron?
in the hemoglobin (65%)
About ___ of total body iron is in myoglobin which relates to muscle oxygen storage.
6%
About 6% of total body iron is in _____ which relates to muscle oxygen storage.
myoglobin
_____ and _____ are the primary storage forms of iron (25% of the total body iron, mostly intracellular).
Ferritin; hemosiderin
Ferritin and hemosiderin are the primary storage forms of iron (____ of the total body iron, mostly intracellular).
25%
What is the transport protein that moves the iron into tissues?
transferrin
Where does iron absorption take place?
in the mucosa of the duodenum
What are the 2 kinds of iron in food?
elemental and heme-bound
When iron is absorbed from the GI tract, it is converted to _____ by surface reductase activity.
ferrous
When iron is absorbed from the GI tract, it is converted to ferrous iron by ______.
surface reductase activity
_____ is a 25 amino acid peptide produced in the liver in response to high iron intake, inflammation, and/or infection.
Hepcidin
Hepcidin is a 25 amino acid peptide produced in the liver in response to _____, ______, and/or _____.
high iron intake; inflammation; infection
When hepcidin is low, iron absorption in the duodenum is _____, plasma transferrin is ______, and excess iron ______.
increased; saturated with iron; accumulates in liver stores
When hepcidin is ____, iron absorption in the duodenum is increased, plasma transferrin is saturated with iron, and excess iron accumulates in liver stores.
low
Iron bound to plasma transferrin is delivered to the developing ______.
normoblast
______ is delivered to the developing normoblast.
Iron bound to plasma transferrin
The treatment of iron deficiency is _____.
replacement of iron
What are 3 causes of iron overload?
1) increase of dietary iron intake
2) increase of iron absorption
3) repeated transfusions
Iron accumulation can damage the _____, _____, and ______.
the heart, liver, and endocrine organs
Iron accumulation in the heart can cause _____ and ____.
arrhythmias; CHF
Iron accumulation in the liver can cause _____ and ____.
dysfunction; failure
Iron accumulation in the endocrine organs can cause _____ and ____.
pancreatic dysfunction; diabetes
What is the treatment for hemosiderosis?
iron chelators such as Desferal
