Anemia I

Question 1

What 3 things do you check to confirm anemia?

Answer 1

1) HgB
2) Hct
3) RBC

Question 2

At birth, infants have a very high _____ and _______ concentration.

Answer 2

hemoglobin; hematocrit

Question 3

The ______ or ______ is helpful to determine the rate of production.

Answer 3

reticulocyte count; reticulocyte production index

Question 4

The reticulocyte count or reticulocyte production index is helpful to determine ______.

Answer 4

the rate of production

Question 5

In anemias which develop over weeks, _____ within the cells will increase, making the dissociation of oxygen to the tissues more efficient to compensate for the low oxygen carrying capacity.

Answer 5

2,3-DPG

Question 6

In anemias which develop _____, 2,3-DPG within the cells will increase, making the dissociation of oxygen to the tissues more efficient to compensate for the low oxygen carrying capacity.

Answer 6

over weeks

Question 7

______ include shortness of breath, fatigue, rapid heart rate, dizziness, claudication, and pallor.

Answer 7

Symptoms of anemia

Question 8

Symptoms of anemia include _____, ____, _____, _____, _____, and _____.

Answer 8

shortness of breath; fatigue; rapid heart rate; dizziness; claudication; pallor

Question 9

______ include tachycardia, tachypnea, dyspnea and pallor.

Answer 9

Physical signs of anemia

Question 10

Physical signs of anemia include _____, _____, _____, and _____.

Answer 10

tachycardia; tachypnea; dyspnea; pallor

Question 11

Family history of _____, _____, ______, ______, or ______ is helpful in defining a familial predisposition for hemolytic anemias.

Answer 11

gallstones; jaundice; splenomegaly; splenectomy; cholecystectomy

Question 12

Family history of gallstones, jaundice, splenomegaly, splenectomy, or cholecystectomy is helpful in defining a familial predisposition for _____.

Answer 12

hemolytic anemias

Question 13

What is claudication?

Answer 13

pain with exercise

Question 14

What is pain with exercise called?

Answer 14

claudication

Question 15

What are the two valence states for iron?

Answer 15

ferric and ferrous

Question 16

In aqueous solutions, iron forms insoluble hydroxides unless bound to ________.

Answer 16

a specific protein or other compounds

Question 17

In aqueous solutions, iron forms ______ unless bound to a specific protein or other compounds.

Answer 17

insoluble hydroxides

Question 18

Iron salts are _____ in low pH.

Answer 18

more soluble

Question 19

Iron salts are more soluble in _____.

Answer 19

low pH

Question 20

What is the mechanism for iron excretion from the body?

Answer 20

there isn’t one

Question 21

Iron balance in the body is controlled by _____.

Answer 21

absorption

Question 22

Losses of iron each day are small and include loss from ______.

Answer 22

exfoliation of skin and mucosal surfaces in the urine or with menstruation

Question 23

Where is the majority of the body’s iron?

Answer 23

in the hemoglobin (65%)

Question 24

About ___ of total body iron is in myoglobin which relates to muscle oxygen storage.

Answer 24

6%

Question 25

About 6% of total body iron is in _____ which relates to muscle oxygen storage.

Answer 25

myoglobin

Question 26

_____ and _____ are the primary storage forms of iron (25% of the total body iron, mostly intracellular).

Answer 26

Ferritin; hemosiderin

Question 27

Ferritin and hemosiderin are the primary storage forms of iron (____ of the total body iron, mostly intracellular).

Answer 27

25%

Question 28

What is the transport protein that moves the iron into tissues?

Answer 28

transferrin

Question 29

Where does iron absorption take place?

Answer 29

in the mucosa of the duodenum

Question 30

What are the 2 kinds of iron in food?

Answer 30

elemental and heme-bound

Question 31

When iron is absorbed from the GI tract, it is converted to _____ by surface reductase activity.

Answer 31

ferrous

Question 32

When iron is absorbed from the GI tract, it is converted to ferrous iron by ______.

Answer 32

surface reductase activity

Question 33

_____ is a 25 amino acid peptide produced in the liver in response to high iron intake, inflammation, and/or infection.

Answer 33

Hepcidin

Question 34

Hepcidin is a 25 amino acid peptide produced in the liver in response to _____, ______, and/or _____.

Answer 34

high iron intake; inflammation; infection

Question 35

When hepcidin is low, iron absorption in the duodenum is _____, plasma transferrin is ______, and excess iron ______.

Answer 35

increased; saturated with iron; accumulates in liver stores

Question 36

When hepcidin is ____, iron absorption in the duodenum is increased, plasma transferrin is saturated with iron, and excess iron accumulates in liver stores.

Answer 36

low

Question 37

Iron bound to plasma transferrin is delivered to the developing ______.

Answer 37

normoblast

Question 38

______ is delivered to the developing normoblast.

Answer 38

Iron bound to plasma transferrin

Question 39

The treatment of iron deficiency is _____.

Answer 39

replacement of iron

Question 40

What are 3 causes of iron overload?

Answer 40

1) increase of dietary iron intake 2) increase of iron absorption 3) repeated transfusions

Question 41

Iron accumulation can damage the _____, _____, and ______.

Answer 41

the heart, liver, and endocrine organs

Question 42

Iron accumulation in the heart can cause _____ and ____.

Answer 42

arrhythmias; CHF

Question 43

Iron accumulation in the liver can cause _____ and ____.

Answer 43

dysfunction; failure

Question 44

Iron accumulation in the endocrine organs can cause _____ and ____.

Answer 44

pancreatic dysfunction; diabetes

Question 45

What is the treatment for hemosiderosis?

Answer 45

iron chelators such as Desferal