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MTAP 2 > HEMA 2 (Intro) > Flashcards

HEMA 2 (Intro) Flashcards

1
Q

A disease, usually of leukocytes in the blood and bone marrow

A

LEUKEMIA

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2
Q

Requests to rule out leukemia

A

PBS, Bone Marrow Aspiration

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3
Q

Leukemia symptoms of short duration; patient last only 2-6 months

A

ACUTE LEUKEMIA

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4
Q

Leukemia with many immature cell forms in the bone marrow and/or peripheral
blood

A

ACUTE LEUKEMIA

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5
Q

Total leukocyte count of acute leukemia

A

elevated

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6
Q
A
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7
Q

Leukemia with symptoms of long duration; patient lasts 1-2 years

A

CHRONIC LEUKEMIA

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8
Q

General term for malignancy that starts on lymphatic system →
mainly the “lymph nodes” (solid tumor)

A

LYMPHOMA

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8
Q

Total leukocyte count in chronic leukemia

A

extremely elevated to lower than normal

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9
Q

Solid tumors: accumulation of malignant cells present in lymph nodes

A

LYMPHOMA

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10
Q

TWO TYPES OF LYMPHOMA

A

HODGKIN LYMPHOMA
NON-HODGKIN LYMPHOMA

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11
Q

Proliferation of malignant cells of the lymphocytes, which have basophilic vacuolated cytoplasm with “starry sky pattern” due to numerous tangible body macrophage that are arrested at certain stages of maturation

A

HODGKIN LYMPHOMA

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12
Q

Hallmark: presence of Reed-Sternberg Cell

A

HODGKIN LYMPHOMA

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13
Q

large binucleated/multinucleated cell resembles appearance with each nucleus bearing a very large nucleolus

A

Reed-Sternberg Cell

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14
Q

Diffuse large B cell lymphoma

A

NON-HODGKIN LYMPHOMA

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15
Q

mixed population of lymphocyte histiocytes, eosinophils, and some plasma cells

A

NON-HODGKIN LYMPHOMA

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16
Q

form of cancer (CA) of the plasma cells in the bone marrow

A

MYELOMA

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16
Q

Overproduction of various types of immature or mature leukocytes in the bone marrow and/or
peripheral blood

A

LEUKEMIA

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17
Q

Presence of Bence Jones proteins containing light-chains in the urine

A

MYELOMA

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17
Q

Solid malignant tumors of the lymph nodes

A

LYMPHOMA

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17
Q

PLASMA CELL CHARACTERISTICS

A

Cartwheel cytoplasm
Basophilic cytoplasm (Increased RNA)

Eccentric nucleus
Hoff near the nucleus

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18
Q

Malignant cells freely trespass the BBB

A

LEUKEMIA

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18
Q

Overproduction of plasma cells in the bone
marrow with concurrent production of abnormal proteins

A

MYELOMA

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18
Q

Malignant cells of lymphoma are initially confined in these organs containing mononuclear phagocytic cells

A

Lymph nodes
spleen
liver
BM

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19
Q

Mimics lab result of leukemia

A

LEUKOMOID REACTION

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19
Q

response or reaction to
infection or malignancy

A

LEUKOMOID REACTION

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19
Q

Plasma cells form mass/tumor in BM

A

Myeloma

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19
Q

WBC count of LEUKOMOID REACTION

A

High (>500,000)

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20
Q

LAP in LEUKOMOID REACTION

A

Increased

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20
Q

Shift in LEUKOMOID REACTION

A

Left shift

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20
Q

Present in LEUKOMOID REACTION

A

Dohle bodies
TG

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21
Q

Absent in LEUKOMOID REACTION

A

Auer rods
Philadelphia chromosomes

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22
Q

WBC count in CHRONIC MYELOGENOUS LEUKEMIA

A

High (malignant cells)

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23
Q

LAP in CHRONIC MYELOGENOUS LEUKEMIA

A

Decreased

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24
Q

Shift in CHRONIC MYELOGENOUS LEUKEMIA

A

Left shift

25
Q

Similarities of leukomoid reaction and leukemia

A

o Excessive leukocytosis
o Immature cells (blasts, promyelocytes, myelocytes) in PB

25
Q

Present in CHRONIC MYELOGENOUS LEUKEMIA

A

Auer bodies
Philadelphia chromosomes

26
Q

language of medicine

A

Classification

27
Q

essential for both clinical practice and investigation

A

consensus or definitions and terminology

28
Q

3 IMPORTANT COMPONENTS TO THE PROCESS OF DEVELOPING
CLASSIFICATION OF HEMATOLOGIC MALIGNANCIES

A

1st: Since underlying cause of neoplasm are often unknown, we use: clin. features, morph, immunophenotype, genetic

2nd: as many experts as possible

3rd: pathologists - primary classification (w/ clinicians involvement)

29
Q

According to this, there is no one “Gold Standard” by which all diseases are defined

A

WHO

30
Q

Included in French-American-British (FAB) Classification

A

Cellular Morphology
Cytochemistry
Patient history

31
Q

Included in WHO classification

A

FAB criteria + Immunophenotyping and Molecular Technology – Cytogenetics
(chromosome translocations, dysplasia)

32
Q
A
32
Q
A
33
Q
A
34
Q

Leukemia classification based on clonal proliferation

A

lymphoid or myeloid

34
Q

Clonal proliferations of malignant leukocytes that
arise initially in the bone marrow before disseminating to the peripheral blood, lymph nodes, and other organs

A

LEUKEMIA

34
Q

Leukemia classification based on clinical course

A

acute or chronic

35
Q

First to recognize leukemia as a distinct clinical
disorder between 1839 and 1845.
He named this disorder leukemia because of the
white appearance of the blood from patients with
fever, weakness, and lymphadenopathy

A

Virchow

36
Q

Predominant symptoms in CHRONIC LEUKEMIA

A

Enlargement of liver, spleen and lymph nodes

37
Q

Common symptoms in ACUTE LEUKEMIA in presence of large leukemic cell mass

A

Bone pain

37
Q

clonal disease that develops subsequent to the malignant transformation of one or more normal hematopoietic progenitor cells

A

Leukemia

37
Q

FACTORS RELATED TO THE OCCURRENCE OF LEUKEMIA

A

1) Genetic and immunological factors
2) Occupational exposure
3) Environmental exposure
4) Chemical and drug exposure
5) Genetic abnormalities and associations
6) Viral agents
7) Secondary causes

38
Q

Mutations in a ___ gene are found in many cases of leukemia;

Larger changes in ______ are also common

A

Single
One or more chromosomes

38
Q

occupational factor associated with an increased incidence of leukemia

A

Ionizing radiation

38
Q

Central regulators of growth in normal cells

Have rare involvement in cancer (consequence of somatic mutations)

A

PROTOONCOGENES

39
Q

Conditions most frequently associated with radiation

A

Acute and chronic forms of myelogenous leukemia (AML/CML)

40
Q

Condition associated with exposure to high levels of radiation

A

Acute leukemia

40
Q

most common human aneuploidy

A

Down Syndrome (Trisomy 21)

40
Q

Common chemical that may cause AML if prolonged exposure

A

Benzene

40
Q

First recognized link between a specific virus and a human malignant disease

A

DNA-related EBV with Burkitt’s lymphoma

40
Q

Chemical exposure is more strongly linked to an increased risk of this condition

A

Acute myelogenous leukemia (AML)

40
Q

Leukemia associated to children with down syndrome

A

ALL
Acute Megakaryoblastic Leukemia (AMKL)

41
Q

Blood condition associated to newborns with down syndrome

A

Transient Myeloproliferative Disorder (TMD), a preleukemic form of AMKL

41
Q

Secondary AML may develop in patients with

A

hematologic disorder (e.g., severe congenital neutropenia)

inherited disease (e.g., Fanconi’s anemia)

MDS (3 months)

42
Q

first retrovirus to be isolated from patients suffering from aggressive T-cell cancers with skin involvement

A

HTLV-I

43
Q

first RNA tumor virus (retrovirus) known to occur in humans

A

HTLV

43
Q

Leukemia classification based on Natural History

A

Acute, Subacute, Chronic

44
Q

refractory “no” to remission (state of a patient where no signs and symptoms are seen), usually fatal within 3 months

A

Acute Leukemia

45
Q

BM packed primitive cells
20% of BM cells are blasts

A

Acute Leukemia

45
Q

have longer patient survival of 3-12 months
usually have a clinical picture of an acute leukemia

A

Subacute Leukemia

46
Q

having a survival of >1 year if no current remission occurs
blasts are elevated (↑) in BM and blood

A

Chronic Leukemia

47
Q

FAB
More uncommon forms of leukocytic leukemia are:

A

✓ Acute undifferentiated (stem cell)
✓ Eosinophilic
✓ Basophilic

47
Q

Leukemia accdg. to Functional Capacity of Release Mechanism

A

Leukemic, Subleukemic, Aleukemic

47
Q

with NO immature cells (since they remain in the BM) in the blood with WBC count <15,000/uL

A

Aleukemic Leukemia

47
Q

presence of immature or abnormal cells in blood with WBC counts >15,000/uL

A

Leukemic Leukemia

47
Q

4th edition (2008) of the WHO classification stratifies neoplasms primarily according to lineage:

A

Myeloid lymphoid
Histiocytic/dendritic cell

47
Q

buffy coat smear can be used to examine this type of leukemia

A

Aleukemic Leukemia

47
Q

with immature or abnormal cells in the blood with WBC count <15,000/uL

A

Subleukemic Leukemia

47
Q

Leukemia with WBC count >15,000/uL

A

Leukemic Leukemia

47
Q

Leukemia with WBC count <15,000/uL

A

Subleukemic, Aleukemic

47
Q

FAB Separated into three broad leukocytes groups:

A

1) Myelogenous
2) Monocytic
3) Lymphocytic

48
Q

FAB
Major types of leukocytic leukemias can be classified as acute or chronic according to the leukocyte groups:

A

✓ Acute or Chronic Myelogenous
✓ Acute or Chronic Monocytic
✓ Acute or Chronic Myelomonocytic
✓ Acute or chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL)

49
Q

Classification is based on morphology but combine this information with Immunophenotyping and Genetic Studies

A

World Health Organization (WHO) Classification

MTAP 2 (23 decks)

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