Heart Notes 3

Question 1

Cardiac Plexus
What nerves supply the heart from the Sympathetic system?
The Parasympathetic system?
Where is the Superficial Plexus?
Where is the Deep Plexus?

Answer 1

Cardiopulmonary Splanchnics.
Thoracic Cardiac nerves from the Vagus.

Inferior to arch or aorta.
Posterior to arch of aorta.

Question 2

What cranial nerve do the vagus nerves come from?

Answer 2

CN10

Question 3

What nerve speeds up the heartbeat?

Answer 3

Taca cardia.

Question 4

What causes pain?

Answer 4

Tissue damage.

Question 5

Describe the referred pain of the heart.

Answer 5

Dying cardiac cells stimulate Visceral Afferents.
Afferents follow sympathetic fibers to spinal cord.
Enter T1-T4.
Somatic sensory fibers enter the cord via posterior roots at this level.
Both synapse on inter-neurons and secondary neurons.
Brain is unable to distinguish clearly.

Question 6

Describe the four aspects of the Thymus.
What is it?
Where is it?
What happens after puberty?

Answer 6

1. Lymphoid organ–immune response.
2. Located on the Superior and Anterior Mediastinum.
3. Involution after puberty. (begins to shrink.)

Question 7

What are the three main arteries that come out of the aortic arch?
What is the connector between the aortic arch and pulmonary trunk.

Answer 7

Brachiocephalic Artery.
Left Common Carotid.
Left Subclavian.
Ligamentum arteriosum.

Question 8

Superior Vena Cava
What forms it?
What other vein feeds into it?
What body parts drain into it?

Answer 8

The union of the brachiocephalic veins.
Azygous vein.
Drains head, neck, upper limbs.

Question 9

Inferior Vena Cava
What drains into it?
How does it resist gravity?

Answer 9

Drains abdomen, pelvis, perineum, lower limb.

Muscle contractions fight gravity to push blood up.

Question 10

Ascending Aorta
Is covered by what connective tissue?
What arteries come off ascending artery?
Aortic arch
The arch begins and ends where?
Bracheocephalic trunk divides into what two arteries?

Answer 10

Within pericardium.
Coronary arteries.
Sternal angle.
Right subclavian and Left subclavian.

Question 11

Descending Aorta
Thoracic portion.
What branches come off it?
What type of branches come off the Abdominal portion?
What are those arteries?

Answer 11

Thorax.
Bronchial, Esophageal arteries, Pericardial, Phrenic, Intercostal Arteries.
Abdominal
Terminal Branches.
Common iliac arteries (L4)

Question 12

Trachea.
What organ is the trachea derived from?
Where does it sit?
What shape is the cartilage?
Why is the cartilage that shape?

Answer 12

The Pharynx.
Posterior to the aorta and Anterior to the esophagus.
C-Shaped.
Esophagus can expand into the airway.

Question 13

Superior Mediastinum Nerves.

What are the two main nerves and their origin that supply the mediastinum?

Answer 13

Phrenic C3, C4, C5 and Vagus CN 10

Question 14

What is the main purpose of the Phrenic nerves?
What else does this nerve innervate?
What hole does the phrenic nerve travel through?

Answer 14

Sole motor supply to the diaphragm.
Sensory nerves to pericardium, mediastinal pleura, diaphragm, abdominal peritoneum.
Caval Foramen.

Question 15

What other nerves do the vagus nerve create?
What is the path of the vagus nerve?
Where do they terminate?

Answer 15

Give rise to recurrent layngeal nerves (rt and lt)
Cardiac plexus, Esophageal plexus, and Pulmonary plexus.
Root of the lungs.

Question 16

Name the superior mediastinum nerves from right to left.

Answer 16

R. phrenic N
R. Vagus N.
R & L Recurrent N
L Vagus N
L Phrenic N

Question 17

Azygous Vein
What side?
What does it connect to?
Hemiazygous
What side?
Where does it come from?
Where does it attach to the Azygous?
Accessory hemiazygos.
What side?
Where does it attach to Azygous?

Answer 17

Right side.
Connects superior and inferior vena cava.
Left side.
Comes from the abdomen (lt renal).
T9
Left side.
T8

Question 18

Esophagus
What is its path?
What are its three constriction sties?
What is the esophagus

Answer 18

Pharynx to Cardiac stomach.
The beginning. (C6)
Left bronchus.
 and Diaphragm (T10)
Strong peristaltic muscle.

Question 19

What are the four arteries that supply the esophagus?

Answer 19

Inferior thyroid artery.
Bronchial
Esohpageal.
Left Gastric.
Inferior phrenic.

Question 20

What is the contraction that creates the swallowing mechanism?

Answer 20

Peristaltic contraction.

Question 21

Esophageal Innervation
What nerve innervates?
Where do these nerve pass?
What plexus do these nerves create?
What lower nerves innervate?
What levels of these nerves innervate?

Answer 21

Recurrent laryngeal nerve branch of Vagus.
Left passes inferior to aortic arch.
Right passes inferior to right subclavian.
Esophageal plexus.
Splanchnic nerves.
Greater, lesser, least.

Question 22

Lymphatic Drainage.
Describe the thoracic duct.
What does it do?
What is the origin and its purpose?
Where does it end?

Answer 22

Biggest and most visual part of lymphatic system.
Transports fliuds back to bloodstream.
Cisterna chyli–collection point of lymph fluid
Left Brachiocephalic vein.