Heart Notes

Question 1

What are the borders of the mediastinum?

Answer 1

Sternum
Vertebral Column
Pleural Cavities

Question 2

Pic. What are the subdivisions of the mediastinum?

Answer 2

Superior
Middle
Anterior
Posterior

Question 3

Pic. Pericardium is what type of tissue?
What does it envelop?
What are its two component?

Answer 3

Fibroserous sac around the heart and roots of great vessels.

Consists of Fibrous Pericardium and Serous Pericardium.

Question 4

The fibrous pericardium defines what border?

Answer 4

Boundaries of the middle mediastinum

Question 5

Serous Pericardium consists of what two parts, and what do those parts do?

Answer 5

Parietal Layer--Lines the inner surface of the fibrous.
Visceral Layer (Epicardium) adheres to the heart and forms its outer covering.

Question 6

Pic. Describe where the Transverse Pericardial Sinus is and where the Oblique Pericardial Sinus is.

Answer 6

Transverse–posterior to the ascending aorta and pulmonary trunk, anterior to superior vena cava. and superior to the left atrium.
Oblique–dead airspace behind the heart.

Question 7

What artery supplies the pericardium?

What nerves innervate?

Answer 7

Pericardiacophrenic Artery.
Phrenic Nerve – C3, C4, C5. (sensory.)
Vagus Nerve – Don’t know what it does.
Sympathetic Trunk – Vasomotor. (directly to pericardium)

Question 8

Why is heart pain, such as a heart attack, referred to the shoulder?

Answer 8

C3 & C4 house the phrenic nerves that go to the pericardium as well as nerves that go to the shoulder–especially the left shoulder.

Question 9

What is the name of the procedure? Compression of the heart due to fluid accumulation within the pericardium. A needle drains fluid from the pericardial layers.

Answer 9

Pericardiocentesis

Question 10

How do the intercalated discs effect the way the heart beats?

Answer 10

They cause the heart to squeeze and twist from the bottom to the top.

Question 11

Pic. Name and describe the three layers of the heart.

Answer 11

Myocardium–muscular wall of the heart, primarily cardiac muscle cells.
Endocardium–covers the inner surface of the heart. (Endothelium, Areolar tissue)
Epicardium–Covers the outer surface of the heart, also called the visceral pericardium. (Mesothelium, Areolar Tissue)

Question 12

8 Borders and surfaces of the heart.

Answer 12

Base.
Anterior Surface.
Left Pulmonary surface.
Obtuse margin.
Apex.
Inferior margin.
Diaphragmatic surface.
Right pulmonary surface.

Question 13

The heart has how many pumps? Where does the blood from each pump go?

Answer 13

2 pumps.
Right–to lungs
Left– to body.

Question 14

Right Atrium.
Where does its blood come from? 2 places
What type of blood is it?
What type of muscle?
What valve leaves it?
What is the smooth area of non-muscle?
What is the striated muscle at the top of the atrium?
What is the depression remnant?

Answer 14

Venous blood (From vena cava) and Coronary Sinus.
Deoxygenated blood.
Pectinate Muscle–long thin strings of muscle.
Tricuspid valve.
Sinus venarum.
Crista terminalis.
Fossa ovalis.

Question 15

What is the purpose of the valves in the heart?

Answer 15

The valves prevent backflow.

Question 16

What was the purpose of the fossa ovalis?

Answer 16

Developmental remnant of prenatal development. 80% of blood was shunted to left atrium through it. It used to be a valve. Bypassed the lungs. Can cause dysfunction if it doesn’t close after birth.

Question 17

Right Ventricle.
Where does the blood end up?
What structure connects the aorta and pulmonary trunk?
What valve exits?
What muscles hold the tricuspid valve in place?

Answer 17

Lungs for oxygenation.
Ligamentum Arteriosum.
Pulmonary valve.
Papillary muscles.

Question 18

Describe the myocardium of the right ventricle.

Answer 18

Thinner myocardium to have lower pressure for lung.

Question 19

What is the purpose of the papillary muscle?

Answer 19

Does NOT open and close valve. Responsible to keep valve from inverting when pressure goes the wrong way.

Question 20

What causes valves to open and close?

Answer 20

Pressure.