Heart & Neck Vessels

Question 1

Heart and Neck Vessels

Answer 1

,

Question 2

STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION

Answer 2

,

Question 3

The _________ system consists of the heart (a muscular pump) and the blood vessels.

Answer 3

cardiovascular

Question 4

The blood vessels are arranged in two continuous loops, the__________ circulation and the ______________circulation.
A) pulmonary, systemic
B)periphery. systemic

Answer 4

A

Question 5

When the heart contracts, it pumps blood simultaneously into both loops.
A)true
B)false

Answer 5

True

Question 6

POSITION AND SURFACE LANDMARKS

Answer 6

,

Question 7

The __________ is the area on the anterior chest directly overlying the heart and great vessels.
A)myocardium
B)percordium

Answer 7

B

Question 8

The ________ vessels are the major arteries and veins connected to the heart.
A)lung
B)great
C)heart

Answer 8

B

Question 9

The heart and great vessels are located?A)between the lungs in the middle third of the thoracic cage (mediastinum)
B)between the ribs in the middle third of the thoracic cage (mediastinum)

Answer 9

A

Question 10

The ________ extends from the 2nd to 5th intercostal space and from the right border of the sternum to the left midclavicular line.
A)lungs
B)RT ATRIUM
C)heart

Answer 10

C

Question 11

The heart is thought of like an upside down triangle in the chest cavity
A)true
B)false

Answer 11

A

Question 12

The “top” of the heart is the broader base, and the “bottom” is the apex, which points down and to the left.
A)true
B)false

Answer 12

A

Question 13

Apex of the heart points in which direction.
A)right
B)left

Answer 13

B

Question 14

The apex of the heart produces what pulse
A)apical
B)brachial
C)radial

Answer 14

A

Question 15

Of the heart’s four chambers, the right ventricle forms the greatest area of anterior cardiac surface.
A)true
B)false

Answer 15

A

Question 16

The great vessels lie bunched above the base of the heart.
A)true
B)false

Answer 16

True

Question 17

The superior and inferior vena cava return unoxygenated venous blood to the right side of the heart.
A)true
B)fase

Answer 17

True

Question 18

The pulmonary artery leaves the right ventricle, bifurcates, and carries the venous blood to the lungs. Also is the only artery that Carrys deoxygenated blood
A)true
B)false

Answer 18

A

Question 19

The pulmonary veins return the freshly oxygenated blood to the left side of the heart, and the aorta carries it out to the body. Also the only veins that carry oxygenated blood in the body
A)true
B)false

Answer 19

True

Question 20

The aorta ascends from the left ventricle, arches back at the level of the sternal angle, and descends behind the heart.
A)true
B)false

Answer 20

True

Question 21

HEART WALL, CHAMBERS, AND VALVES

Answer 21

,

Question 22

The___________ is a tough, fibrous, double-walled sac that surrounds and protects the heart. It has two layers that contain a few milliliters of serous pericardial fluid. This ensures smooth, friction-free movement of the heart muscle.
A)myocardium
B)pericardium
C)both a and b

Answer 22

B

Question 23

The __________ is adherent to the great vessels, esophagus, sternum, and pleurae and is anchored to the diaphragm.
A)pericardium
B)myocardium

Answer 23

A

Question 24

The _________ is the muscular wall of the heart; it does the pumping.
A)myocardium
B)pericardium

Answer 24

A

Question 25

The________ is the thin layer of endothelial tissue that lines the inner surface of the heart chambers and valves.
A)myocardium
B)endocardium
C) pericardium

Answer 25

B

Question 26

The atrium (Latin for "anteroom") is a thin-walled reservoir for holding blood, and the thick-walled ventricle is the muscular pumping chamber. (It is common to use the following abbreviations to refer to the chambers: RA, right atrium; RV, right ventricle; LA, left atrium; and LV, left ventricle.
A)true
B)fase

Answer 26

True

Question 27

The four chambers are separated by swinging-door-like structures, called _______, whose main purpose is to prevent backflow of blood. The _______ are unidirectional; they can open only one way. The _________ open and close passively in response to pressure gradients in the moving blood.
A)valves
B)lumens
C)vessels

Answer 27

A

Question 28

The two atrioventricular (AV) valves separate the atria and the ventricles. The right AV valve is the tricuspid, and the left AV valve is the bicuspid or mitral valve (so named because it resembles a bishop’s mitred cap). The valves’ thin leaflets are anchored by collagenous fibers (chordae tendineae) to papillary muscles embedded in the ventricle floor.
A)true
B) false

Answer 28

True

Question 29

The AV valves open during the heart’s filling phase, or diastole, to allow the ventricles to fill with blood. During the pumping phase, or systole, the AV valves close to prevent regurgitation of blood back up into the atria
A)true
B)false

Answer 29

True

Question 30

The semilunar (SL) valves are set between the ventricles and the arteries. Each valve has three cusps that look like half moons. The SL valves are the pulmonic valve in the right side of the heart and the aortic valve in the left side of the heart. They open during pumping, or systole, to allow blood to be ejected from the heart. 
A)true
B)false

Answer 30

True

Question 31

DIRECTION OF BLOOD FLOW

Answer 31

,

Question 32

I. From liver to right atrium (RA) through inferior vena cava Superior vena cava drains venous blood from the head and upper extremities From RA, venous blood travels through tricuspid valve to right ventricle (RV)

2. From RV, venous blood flows through pulmonic valve to pulmonary artery Pulmonary artery delivers unoxygenated blood to lungs
3. Lungs oxygenate blood Pulmonary veins return fresh blood to left atrium (LA)
4. From LA, arterial blood travels through mitral valve to left ventricle (LV) LV ejects blood through aortic valve into aorta
5. Aorta delivers oxygenated blood to body Remember that the circulation is a continuous loop. The blood is kept moving along by continually shifting pressure gradients. The blood flows from an area of higher pressure to one of lower pressure.

Answer 32

,

Question 33

CARDIAC CYCLE

Answer 33

,

Question 34

The rhythmic movement of blood through the heart is the cardiac cycle. It has two phases, diastole and systole.
A)true
B)false

Answer 34

True

Question 35

In diastole, the ventricles relax and fill with blood. This takes up two thirds of the cardiac cycle.
A)true
B)false

Answer 35

True

Question 36

The heart’s contraction is systole. During systole, blood is pumped from the ventricles and fills the pulmonary and systemic arteries. This is one third of the cardiac cycle.
A)true
B)false

Answer 36

True

Question 37

Diastole.

Answer 37

,

Question 38

In diastole, the ventricles are relaxed and the AV valves (i.e., the tricuspid and mitral) are open. (Opening of the normal valve is acoustically silent.) The pressure in the atria is higher than that in the ventricles, so blood pours rapidly into the ventricles. This first passive filling phase is called early or protodiastolic filling. Toward the end of diastole, the atria contract and push the last amount of blood (about 25% of stroke volume) into the ventricles. This active filling phase is called presystole, or atrial systole, or sometimes the “atrial kick.” lt causes a small rise in left ventricular pressure. (Note that atrial systole occurs during ventricular diastole, a confusing but important point.
A)true
B)false

Answer 38

True

Question 39

Systole.

Answer 39

,

Question 40

Now so much blood has been pumped into the ventricles that ventricular pressure is finally higher than that in the atria, so the mitral and tricuspid valves swing shut. The closure of the AV valves contributes to the first heart sound (S1) and signals the beginning of systole.
A)true
B)false

Answer 40

True

Question 41

The AV valves close to prevent any regurgitation of blood back up into the atria during contraction. For a very brief moment, all four valves are closed. The ventricular walls contract. This contraction against a closed system works to build pressure inside the ventricles to a high level (isometric contraction). Consider first the left side of the heart. When the pressure in the ventricle finally exceeds pressure in the aorta, the aortic valve opens and blood is ejected rapidly. After the ventricle’s contents are ejected, its pressure falls. When pressure falls below pressure in the aorta, some blood flows backward toward the ventricle, causing the aortic valve to swing shut. This closure of the semilunar valves causes the second heart sound (S2) and signals the end of systole
A)true
B)false

Answer 41

True

Question 42

HEART SOUNDS

Answer 42

,

Question 43

Events in the cardiac cycle generate sounds that can be heard through a stethoscope over the chest wall. These include normal heart sounds and, occasionally, extra heart sounds and murmurs
A)true
B)false

Answer 43

True

Question 44

Normal Heart Sounds

Answer 44

,

Question 45

The first heart sound (S1) occurs with closure of the AV valves and thus signals the beginning of systole. The mitral component of the first sound (M1) slightly precedes the tricuspid component (T1 ), but you usually hear these two components fused as one sound. You can hear S1 over all the precordium, but usually it is loudest at the apex.
A)true
B)false

Answer 45

True

Question 46

S1 is at loudest at the apex.
A)true
B)false

Answer 46

True

Question 47

The second heart sound (S2) occurs with closure of the semilunar valves and signals the end of systole. The aortic component of the second sound (A2) slightly precedes the pulmonic component (P2) . Although it is heard over all the precordium, S2 is loudest at the base.
A)true
B)fase

Answer 47

True

Question 48

S2 is loudest at the base.
A)true
B)false

Answer 48

True

Question 49

Effect of Respiration.

Answer 49

,

Question 50

The volume of right and left ventricular systole is just about equal, but this can be affected by respiration. To learn this, consider the phrase: MoRe to the Right heart, Less to the Left. That means that during inspiration, intrathoracic pressure is decreased. This pushes more blood into the vena cava, increasing venous return to the right side of the heart, which increases right ventricular stroke volume. The increased volume prolongs right ventricular systole and delays pulmonic valve closure. Meanwhile, on the left side, a greater amount of blood is sequestered in the lungs during inspiration. This momentarily decreases the amount returned to the left side of the heart, decreasing left ventricular stroke volume. The decreased volume shortens left ventricular systole and allows the aortic valve to close a bit earlier. When the aortic valve closes significantly earlier than the pulmonic valve, you can hear the two components separately. This is a split S2.
A)true
B)false

Answer 50

True

Question 51

Extra Heart Sounds

Answer 51

,

Question 52

Third Heart Sound (S3). Normally, diastole is a silent event. However, in some conditions, ventricular finding creates vibrations that can be heard over the chest. These vibrations are S3.
A)true
B)false

Answer 52

True

Question 53

S3 occurs when the ventricles are resistant to filling during the early rapid filling phase (protodiastole). This occurs immediately after S2, when the AV valves open and atrial blood first pours into the ventricles.
A)true
B)fase

Answer 53

True

Question 54

Fourth Heart Sound (S4). S4 occurs at the end of diastole, at presystole, when the ventricle is resistant to filling. The atria contract and push blood into a noncompliant ventricle. This creates vibrations that are heard as S4.S4 occurs just before S1
A)true
B)false

Answer 54

True

Question 55

Murmurs

Answer 55

,

Question 56

_________, much like a pile of stones or a sharp turn in a stream creates a noisy water flow. A _________ is a gentle, blowing, swooshing sound that can be heard on the chest
wall.

Answer 56

Murmur

Question 57

Conditions resulting in a murmur are as follows:

l. Velocity of blood increases (flow murmur) (e.g., in exercise, thyrotoxicosis)
2. Viscosity of blood decreases (e.g., in anemia)
3. Structural defects in the valves (narrowed valve, incompetent valve) or unusual openings occur in the chambers (dilated chamber, wall defect)

Answer 57

True

Question 58

Characteristics of Sound

Answer 58

,

Question 59

All heart sounds are described by:
I. Frequency (pitch)-heart sounds are described as high pitched or low pitched, although these terms are relative because all are low-frequency sounds, and you need a good stethoscope to hear them
2. Intensity (loudness)-loud or soft
3. Duration-very short for heart sounds; silent periods are longer 4. Timing-systole or diastole

Answer 59

,

Question 60

CONDUCTION

Answer 60

,

Question 61

The heart contracts in response to an electrical current conveyed by a conduction system. Specialized cells in the sinoatrial (SA) node near the superior vena cava initiate an electrical impulse. (Because the SA node has an intrinsic rhythm, it is the “pacemaker.”) The current flows in an orderly sequence, first across the atria to the AV node low in the atrial septum.
A)true
B)false

Answer 61

True

Question 62

The electrical impulse stimulates the heart to do its work,
which is to contract. A small amount of electricity spreads to
the body surface, where it can be measured and recorded on
the electrocardiograph (ECG).
A)true
B)false

Answer 62

True SA NODE

Question 63

The ECG waves are arbitrarily labeled PQRST, which stand for the following elements:
-P wave-depolarization of the atria
–PR interval- from the beginning of the P wave to the
beginning of the QRS complex (the time necessary for atrial depolarization plus time for the impulse to travel through the AV node to the ventricles)
—QRS complex-depolarization of the ventricles
—-T wave-repolarization of the ventricles

Answer 63

,

Question 64

PUMPING ABILITY

Answer 64

M

Question 65

In the resting adult, the heart normally pumps between 4 and 6 L of blood per minute throughout the body.
A)true
B)false

Answer 65

True

Question 66

cardiac output equals the volume of blood in each systole (called the stroke volume) times the number of beats per minute (rate).
A)true
B)false

Answer 66

True

Question 67

The heart can alter its cardiac output to adapt to the metabolic needs of the body. Preload and afterload affect the heart’s ability to increase cardiac output.
A)true
B)false

Answer 67

True

Question 68

Preload is the venous return that builds during diastole. It is the length to which the ventricular muscle is stretched at the end of diastole just before contraction.
A)true
B)false

Answer 68

True

Question 69

___________ law, the greater the stretch, the stronger is the heart’s contraction. This increased contractility results in an increased volume of blood ejected (increased stroke volume)
A)erickonson
B)Frank-Starling
C)both a and b

Answer 69

B

Question 70

Afterload is the opposing pressure the ventricle must generate to open the aortic valve against the higher aortic pressure. It is the resistance against which the ventricle must pump its blood. Once the ventricle is filled with blood, the ventricular end diastolic pressure is 5 to 10 mm Hg, whereas that in the aorta is 70 to 80 mm Hg. To overcome this difference, the ventricular muscle tenses (isovolumic contraction). After the aortic valve opens, rapid ejection occurs
A)true
B)false

Answer 70

True

Question 71

THE NECK VESSELS

Answer 71

,

Question 72

Cardiovascular assessment includes the survey of vascular structures in the neck-the carotid artery and the jugular veins. These vessels reflect the efficiency of cardiac function.
A)true
B)false

Answer 72

True

Question 73

The Carotid Artery Pulse

Answer 73

,

Question 74

The carotid artery is a central artery-that is, it is close to the heart. Its timing closely coincides with ventricular systole.
A)true
B)false

Answer 74

True

Question 75

The ____________ is located in the groove between the trachea and the sternomastoid muscle, medial to and alongside that muscle. Note the characteristics of its waveform: a smooth rapid upstroke, a summit that is rounded and smooth, and a downstroke that is more gradual and that has a dicrotic notch caused by closure of the aortic valve. What artery is this

Answer 75

carotid artery

Question 76

Jugular Venous Pulse and Pressure

Answer 76

,

Question 77

The jugular veins empty unoxygenated blood directly into the superior vena cava. Because no cardiac valve exists to separate the superior vena cava from the right atrium, the jugular veins give information about activity on the right side of the heart. Specifically, they reflect filling pressure and volume changes. Because volume and pressure increase when the right side of the heart fails to pump efficiently, the jugular veins expose this.
A)true
B)false

Answer 77

True

Question 78

The larger _________ jugular lies deep and medial to the sternomastoid muscle. It is usually not visible, although its diffuse pulsations may be seen in the sternal notch when the person is supine.
A)internal
B)external

Answer 78

A

Question 79

The ________ jugular vein is more superficial; it lies lateral to the sternomastoid muscle, above the clavicle.
A)internal
B)external

Answer 79

B

Question 80

The jugular pulse results from a backwash, a waveform moving backward caused by events upstream.
A)true
B)false

Answer 80

A

Question 81

The five components of the jugular venous pulse occur because of events in the right side of the heart.
>The A wave reflects atrial contraction because some blood flows backward to the vena cava during right atrial contraction.
>The C wave, or ventricular contraction, is backflow from the bulging upward of the tricuspid valve when it closes at the beginning of ventricular systole (not from the neighboring carotid artery pulsation).
>Next, the X descent shows atrial relaxation when the right ventricle contracts during systole and pulls the bottom of the atria downward.
>The V wave occurs with passive atrial filling because of the increasing volume in the right atria and increased pressure. >Finally, the Y descent reflects passive ventricular filling when the tricuspid valve opens and blood flows from the RA to the RV.

Answer 81

,

Question 82

DEVELOPMENTAL COMPETENCE

Infants and Children

Answer 82

,

Question 83

The fetal heart functions early; it begins to beat at the end of 3 weeks’ gestation. The lungs are nonfunctional, but the fetal circulation compensates for this. Oxygenation takes place at the placenta, and the arterial blood is returned to the right side of the fetal heart.
A)true
B)false

Answer 83

A

Question 84

Oxygenation takes place at the placenta, and the arterial blood is returned to the right side of the fetal heart.
A)true
B)false

Answer 84

True

Question 85

There is no point in pumping all this freshly oxygenated blood through the lungs, so it is rerouted in two ways.
>First, about two thirds of it is shunted through an opening in the atrial septum, the foramen ovale, into the left side of the heart, where it is pumped out through the aorta.
>Second, the rest of the oxygenated blood is pumped by the right side of the heart out through the pulmonary artery, but it is detoured through the ductus arteriosus to the aorta.
(Because they are both pumping into the systemic circulation, the right and left ventricles are equal in weight and muscle wall thickness.)

Answer 85

,

Question 86

Inflation and aeration of the lungs at birth produces circulatory changes. Now the blood is oxygenated through the lungs rather than through the placenta. The foramen ovale closes within the first hour because of the new lower pressure in the right side of the heart than in the left side.
A)true
B)false

Answer 86

A

Question 87

At brith,The foramen ovale closes within the first hour because of the new lower pressure in the right side of the heart than in the left side.
A)true
B)false

Answer 87

A

Question 88

The ductus arteriosus closes later, usually within 10 to 15 hours of birth. Now the left ventricle has the greater workload of pumping into the systemic circulation, so that when the baby has reached 1 year of age, the left ventricle’s mass increases to reach the adult ratio of 2: I, left ventricle to right ventricle.
A)true
B)false

Answer 88

A

Question 89

The heart’s position in the chest is more horizontal in the infant than in the adult; thus the apex is higher, located at the fourth left intercostal space. It reaches the adult position when the child reaches age 7 years.
A)true
B)false

Answer 89

True

Question 90

DEVELOPMENTAL COMPETENCE

The Pregnant Woman

Answer 90

,

Question 91

Blood volume increases by 30% to 40% during pregnancy, with the most rapid expansion occurring during the second trimester
A)true
B)false

Answer 91

True

Question 92

This creates an increase in stroke volume and cardiac output and an increased pulse rate of 10 to 15 .beats per minute. Despite the increased cardiac output, arterial blood pressure decreases in pregnancy as a result of peripheral vasodilation. The blood pressure drops to its lowest point during the second trimester and then rises after that.
A)Blood volume increases by 30% to 40% during pregnancy, with the most rapid expansion occurring during the second trimester
B)Blood volume increases by 30% to 40% during pregnancy, with the most rapid expansion occurring during the third trimester

Answer 92

A

Question 93

DEVELOPMENTAL COMPETENCE

The Aging Adult

Answer 93

,

Question 94

It is difficult to isolate the “aging process” of the cardiovascular system per se because it is so closely interrelated with lifestyle, habits, and diseases.
A)true
B)false

Answer 94

True

Question 95

We now know that lifestyle is a modifying factor in the development of cardiovascular disease; smoking, diet, alcohol use, exercise patterns, and stress have an influence on coronary artery disease.
A)true
B) false

Answer 95

A

Question 96

Lifestyle also affects the aging process; cardiac changes once thought to be due to aging are partially due to the sedentary lifestyle accompanying aging.
A)true
B)fase

Answer 96

True

Question 97

Hemodynamic Changes with Aging

Answer 97

,

Question 98

With aging, there is an increase in systolic blood pressure (BP).6 This is due to stiffening of the large arteries, which in turn is due to calcification of vessel walls (arteriosclerosis). This stiffening creates an increase in pulse wave velocity because the less compliant arteries cannot store the volume ejected.
A)true
B)false

Answer 98

A

Question 99

The overall size of the heart does not increase with age, but left ventricular wall thickness increases. This is an adaptive mechanism to accommodate the vascular stiffening mentioned earlier that creates an increased workload on the heart.
A)true
B)false

Answer 99

True

Question 100

No significant change in diastolic pressure occurs with age. A rising systolic pressure with a relatively constant diastolic pressure increases the pulse pressure (the difference between the two).
A)true
B)false

Answer 100

A

Question 101

No change in resting heart rate occurs with aging
A)true
B)false

Answer 101

A

Question 102

Cardiac output at rest is not changed with aging
A)true
B)false

Answer 102

True

Question 103

There is a decreased ability of the heart to augment cardiac
output with exercise. This is shown by a decreased
maximum heart rate with exercise and diminished sympathetic response. Non cardiac factors also cause a decrease
in maximum work performance with aging: decrease in
skeletal muscle performance, increase in muscle fatigue,
increased sense of dyspnea. Chronic exercise conditioning
will modify many of the aging changes in cardiovascular
function.
A)true
B)false

Answer 103

True

Question 104

Dysrhythmias.

The Aging Adult

Answer 104

,

Question 105

The presence of supraventricular and ventricular dysrhythmias increases with age. Ectopic beats are common in aging people; although these are usually asymptomatic in healthy older people, they may compromise cardiac output and blood pressure when disease is present.
A)true,aging adult
B)false,aging adult

Answer 105

A

Question 106

Tachydysrhythmias may not be tolerated as well in older people. The myocardium is thicker and less compliant, and early diastolic filling is impaired at rest. Thus it may not tolerate a tachycardia as well because of shortened diastole.
A)true,aging adult
B)false, aging adult

Answer 106

A

Question 107

tachydysrhythmias may further compromise a vital organ whose function has already been affected by aging or disease. For example, a ventricular tachycardia produces a 40o/o to 70o/o decrease in cerebral blood flow. Although a younger person may tolerate this, an older person with cerebrovascular disease may experience syncope.
A)true, aging adult
B) false,aging adult

Answer 107

A

Question 108

The incidence of coronary artery disease increases sharply with advancing age and accounts for about half of the deaths of older people.
A)true,aging adult
B)false,aging adult

Answer 108

A

Question 109

Hypertension (systolic >140 mm Hg and/or diastolic >90 mm Hg) and heart failure also increase with age.
A)true,aging adult
B)false,aging adult

Answer 109

A

Question 110

Certainly, lifestyle habits (smoking, chronic alcohol use, lack of exercise, diet) play a significant role in the acquisition of heart disease.
A)true,aging adult
B)false,aging adult

Answer 110

A

Question 111

increasing the physical activity of older adults-even at a moderate level-is associated with a reduced risk of death from cardiovascular diseases and respiratory illnesses. Both points underscore the need for health teaching as an important treatment parameter.
A)true,aging adult
B)false,aging adult

Answer 111

A

Question 112

CULTURE AND GENETICS

Answer 112

,

Question 113

The annual rates of first CVD event increase with age. For women, comparable rates occur 10 years later in life than for men, but this gap narrows with advancing age.
A)true
B)false

Answer 113

A

Question 114

Causes of CVD include an interaction of genetic, environmental, and lifestyle factors. However, evidence shows potentially modifiable risk factors attribute to the overwhelming majority of cardiac risk. For example, myocardial infarction (MI) is an important type of CVD. The INTERHEART study covering 52 countries indicated that nine potentially modifiable risk factors accounted for 90o/o of the population attributable risk for MI in men and 94% in women!
A)true
B)false

Answer 114

A

Question 115

These nine modifiable risk factors include abnormal lipids, smoking, hypertension, diabetes, abdominal obesity, psychosocial factors, consumption of fruits and vegetables, alcohol use, and regular physical activity.
A)true
B)false

Answer 115

A

Question 116

HEART DISEASE.These nine modifiable risk factors include abnormal lipids, smoking, hypertension, diabetes, abdominal obesity, psychosocial factors, consumption of fruits and vegetables, alcohol use, and regular physical activity.
A)true
B)false

Answer 116

A

Question 117

Hypertension is a systolic blood pressure (SBP) of ;:::140 mm Hg or diastolic blood pressure (DBP) of >90 mm Hg or currently taking antihypertensive medicine. A higher percentage of men than women have hypertension until age 45 years.
A)true
B)false

Answer 117

A

Question 118

Also, hypertension is 2 to 3 times more common among women taking oral contraceptives (especially among obese and older women) than in women who do not take them.
A)true
B)false

Answer 118

A

Question 119

Blacks is among the highest in the world and it is rising.
A)true
B)fase

Answer 119

A

Question 120

This results in African Americans having a greater rate of stroke, death due to heart disease, and end-stage kidney disease.
A)true
B)false

Answer 120

True

Question 121

Nicotine increases the risk of MI and stroke by causing the following: increase in oxygen demand with a concomitant decrease in oxygen supply; an activation of platelets, activation of fibrinogen; and an adverse change in the lipid profile.
A)true
B)false

Answer 121

True

Question 122

High levels of low-density lipoprotein gradually add to the lipid core of thrombus formation in arteries, which results in MI and stroke. The current cutpoints for cholesterol risk in adults are the following: total cholesterol levels of 240 mgldL are high risk; and levels from 200 to 239 mgldL are borderline-high risk. The age-adjusted prevalence of total cholesterol levels over 200 mgldL are as follows: 51.1 o/o of Mexican-American men and 49o/o of Mexican-American women; 45o/o of white men and 48.7% of white women; and 40.2% of African American men and 41.8% of African American women.
A)true
B)false

Answer 122

A

Question 123

Hispanic are at the highest risk for cholesterol
A)true
B) flase

Answer 123

A

Question 124

The epidemic of obesity in the United States is well known and is referenced in many chapters of this text. Among Americans ages 20 years and older, the prevalence of overweight or obesity (body mass index [BMI] of 25 kg/m for overweight and 30.0 for obesity) is as follows: 74.8% of Mexican-American men and 73o/o of Mexican-American women; 73.7% of African American men and 77.7% of African American women; and 72.4% of white men and 57.5% o( white women)
A)true
B)flase

Answer 124

A

Question 125

Obesity is highest in African Americans?
A)true
B)flase

Answer 125

A

Question 126

The risk of CVD is twofold greater among persons with diabetes mellitus (DM) than without DM. The increased prevalence of DM in the United States is being followed by an increasing prevalence of CVD morbidity and mortality.Diabetes causes damage to the large blood vessels that nourish the brain, heart, and extremities; this results in stroke, coronary artery disease, and peripheral vascular disease
A)true
B)false

Answer 126

True

Question 127

About 13% of African Americans 20 years of age and older have DM.
A)true
B)false

Answer 127

A

Question 128

SUBJECTIVE DATA

Answer 128

,

Question 129

1. Chest pain
2. Dyspena
3. Orthopnea
4. Cough
5. Fatigue
6. Cyanosis or pallor
7. Edema
8. Nocturia
9. Past cardiac history
10. Family cardiac history
11. Personal habits (cardiac risk factors)

Answer 129

,

Question 130

CHEST PAIN

Answer 130

,

Question 131

Chest pain. Any chest pain or tightness?
A)Angina, an important cardiac symptom, occurs when the heart’s own blood supply cannot keep up with metabolic demand.
B)Chest pain also may have pulmonary, musculoskeletal, or gastrointestinal origin; it is important to differentiate.
C)both a and b

Answer 131

C

Question 132

• Character: How would you describe it? Crushing, stabbing, burning, viselike? (Allow the person to offer adjectives before you suggest them.) (Note if uses clenched fist to describe pain.)
A)A squeezing “clenched fist” sign is characteristic of angina, but the symptoms below may be anginal equivalents in the absence of chest pain.
B)false

Answer 132

A

Question 133

• Pain brought on by: Activity-what type; rest; emotional upset; after eating; during sexual intercourse; with cold weather?
A)true
B)false

Answer 133

True

Question 134

Any associated symptoms: Sweating, ashen gray or pale skin, heart skips beat, shortness of breath, nausea or vomiting, racing of heart?
A)Diaphoresis, cold sweats, pallor, grayness.
B)Palpitations, dyspnea, nausea, tachycardia, fatigue.
C)both a and b

Answer 134

C

Question 135

Pain made worse by moving the arms or neck, breathing, lying flat?
A)Try to differentiate pain of cardiac versus noncardiac origin.
B)false

Answer 135

A

Question 136

Pain relieved by rest or nitroglycerin? How many tablets?
A)ask patient if experiencing chest pain
B)false

Answer 136

A

Question 137

DYSPENA

Answer 137

,

Question 138

Dyspnea. Any shortness of breath?
A)ask the patient
B)false

Answer 138

A

Question 139

What type of activity and how much brings on shortness of breath? How much activity brought it on 6 months ago?
A)questions regarding dyspena
B)false

Answer 139

A

Question 140

What type of activity and how much brings on shortness of breath? How much activity brought it on 6 months ago?
A)Dyspnea on exertion (DOE)-quantify exactly (e.g., DOE after walking two level blocks).
B)false

Answer 140

A

Question 141

Onset: Does the shortness of breath come on unexpectedly?
A)assessing for Paroxysmal
B)false

Answer 141

A

Question 142

Duration: Constant or does it come and go?
A)Constant or intermittent.
B)false

Answer 142

A

Question 143

Seem to be affected by position: Lying down?
A)dyspena can be affected if patient is in the Recumbent position
B)false

Answer 143

A

Question 144

Awaken you from sleep at night?
A)Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea (PND) occurs with heart failure. Lying down increases volume of intrathoracic blood, and the weakened heart cannot accommodate the increased load. Typically, the person awakens after 2 hours of sleep with the perception of needing fresh air.
B)false

Answer 144

A

Question 145

___________) occurs with heart failure. Lying down increases volume of intrathoracic blood, and the weakened heart cannot accommodate the increased load. Typically, the person awakens after 2 hours of sleep with the perception of needing fresh air.
A)Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea (PND)
B)false

Answer 145

A

Question 146

ORTHOPENA

Answer 146

,

Question 147

Orthopnea. How many pillows do you use when sleeping or lying down?
A)Orthopnea is the need to assume a more upright position to breathe. Note the exact number of pillows used.
B)false

Answer 147

A

Question 148

COUGH

Answer 148

,

Question 149

Cough. Do you have a cough?
• Duration: How long have you had it?
Frequency: Is it related to time of day?
• Type: Dry, hacking, barky, hoarse, or congested?
A)true
B)false

Answer 149

A

Question 150

Do you cough up mucus? Color? Any odor? Blood tinged?
A)Sputum production, mucoid or purulent. Hemoptysis is often a pulmonary disorder but also occurs with mitral stenosis.
B)false

Answer 150

A

Question 151

Associated with: Activity, position (lying down), anxiety, talking? Does activity make it better or worse (sit, walk, exercise)? Relieved by rest or medication?
A)true
B)fase

Answer 151

A

Question 152

FATIGUE

Answer 152

,

Question 153

Fatigue. Do you seem to tire easily? Able to keep up with your family and co-workers? • Onset: When did fatigue start? Sudden or gradual? Has any recent change occurred in energy level?
A)true
B)false

Answer 153

True

Question 154

Fatigue related to time of day: All day, morning, evening?
A)Fatigue from decreased cardiac output is worse in the evening, whereas fatigue from anxiety or depression occurs all day or is worse in the morning.
B) fase

Answer 154

A

Question 155

Fatigue from decreased cardiac output is worse in the evening,
A)true
B)false

Answer 155

A

Question 156

fatigue from anxiety or depression occurs all day or is worse in the morning.
A)true
B)false

Answer 156

True

Question 157

CYANOSIS AND PALLOR

Answer 157

,

Question 158

Cyanosis or pallor. Ever noted your facial skin turn blue or ashen?
A)Cyanosis or pallor occurs with myocardial infarction or low cardiac output states as a result of decreased tissue perfusion.
B)false

Answer 158

A

Question 159

EDEMA

Answer 159

,

Question 160

Edema. Any swelling of your feet and legs? • Onset: When did you first notice this? Any recent change?
A)Edema is dependent when caused by heart failure.
B)false

Answer 160

A

Question 161

Edema is dependent when caused by heart failure.
A)true
B)false

Answer 161

A

Question 162

What time of day does the swelling occur? Do your shoes feel tight at the end of day?
A)Cardiac edema is worse at evening and better in morning after elevating legs all night.
B)false

Answer 162

A

Question 163

Cardiac edema is worse at evening and better in morning after elevating legs all night.
A)true
B)false

Answer 163

A

Question 164

How much swelling would you say there is? Are both legs equally swollen?
A)Cardiac edema is bilateral; unilateral swelling has a local vein cause
B)false

Answer 164

A

Question 165

Does the swelling go away with: Rest, elevation, after a night’s sleep? • Any associated symptoms, such as shortness of breath? If so, does the shortness of breath occur before leg swelling or after?
A)true, regarding edema
B)false, regarding edema

Answer 165

A

Question 166

NOCTURIA

Answer 166

,

Question 167

Nocturia. Do you awaken at night with an urgent need to urinate? How long has this been occurring? Any recent change?
A)Nocturia-Recumbency at night promotes fluid reabsorption and excretion; this occurs with heart failure in the person who is ambulatory during the day.
B)false

Answer 167

A

Question 168

Nocturia-Recumbency at night promotes fluid reabsorption and excretion; this occurs with heart failure in the person who is ambulatory during the day.
A)true
B)false

Answer 168

A

Question 169

CARDIAC HISTORY

Answer 169

,

Question 170

. Cardiac history. Any past history of: Hypertension, elevated cholesterol or triglycerides, heart murmur, congenital heart disease, rheumatic fever or unexplained joint pains as child or youth, recurrent tonsillitis, anemia? Ever had heart disease? When was this? Treated by medication or heart surgery? • Last ECG, stress ECG, serum cholesterol measurement, other heart tests?
A)true
B)false

Answer 170

A

Question 171

FAMILY CARDIC HISTORY

Answer 171

,

Question 172

Family cardiac history. Any family history of: Hypertension, obesity, diabetes, coronary artery disease (CAD), sudden death at younger age?
A)true
B) false

Answer 172

A

Question 173

PERSONAL HABITS (CARDIC RISK FACTORS)

Answer 173

,

Question 174

Personal habits (cardiac risk factors). Nutrition: Please describe your usual daily diet. (Note if this diet is representative of the basic food groups, the amount of calories, cholesterol, and any additives such as salt.) What is your usual weight? Has there been any recent change? 
A)Risk factors for CAD-Collect data regarding elevated cholesterol, elevated blood pressure, blood sugar levels above 130 mg!dL or known diabetes mellitus, obesity, cigarette smoking, low activity level, and length of any hormone replacement therapy for posbnenopausal women. 
B)false

Answer 174

A

Question 175

Risk factors for CAD-Collect data regarding elevated cholesterol, elevated blood pressure, blood sugar levels above 130 mg/dL or known diabetes mellitus, obesity, cigarette smoking, low activity level, and length of any hormone replacement therapy for posbnenopausal women.
A)true
B)false

Answer 175

A

Question 176

Smoking: Do you smoke cigarettes or other tobacco? At what age did you start? How many packs per day? For how many years have you smoked this amount? Have you ever tried to quit? If so, how did this go?
A)true
B)false

Answer 176

A

Question 177

Alcohol: How much alcohol do you usually drink each week, or each day? When was your last drink? What was the number of drinks during that episode? Have you ever been told you had a drinking problem?
A)true
B)false

Answer 177

A

Question 178

Exercise: What is your usual amount of exercise each day or week? What type of exercise (state type or sport)? If a sport, what is your usual amount (light, moderate, heavy)?
A)true
B)false

Answer 178

A

Question 179

Drugs: Do you take any antihypertensives, beta-blockers, calcium channel blockers, digoxin, diuretics, aspirin/anticoagulants, over-thecounter or street drugs?
A)true
B)false

Answer 179

A

Question 180

Additional History for Infants

Answer 180

,

Question 181

How was the mother’s health during pregnancy: Any unexplained fever, rubella first trimester, other infection, hypertension, drugs taken?
A)true
B)false

Answer 181

A

Question 182

Have you noted any cyanosis while nursing, crying? Is the baby able to eat, nurse, or finish bottle without tiring?
A)To screen for heart disease in infant, note fatigue during feeding. Infant with heart failure takes fewer ounces each feeding; becomes dyspneic with sucking; may be diaphoretic, then falls into exhausted sleep; awakens after a short time hungry again.
B)false

Answer 182

A

Question 183

To screen for heart disease in infant, note fatigue during feeding. Infant with heart failure takes fewer ounces each feeding; becomes dyspneic with sucking; may be diaphoretic, then falls into exhausted sleep; awakens after a short time hungry again.
A)true
B)false

Answer 183

A

Question 184

Growth: Has this baby grown as expected by growth charts and about the same as siblings or peers?
A)Poor weight gain
B)false

Answer 184

A

Question 185

Activity: Were this baby’s motor milestones achieved as expected? Is the baby able to play without tiring? How many naps does the baby take each day? How long does a nap last?
A)true
B)false

Answer 185

A

Question 186

Additional History for Children

Answer 186

,

Question 187

Growth: Has this child grown as expected by growth charts?
A)Poor weight gain.
B)false

Answer 187

A

Question 188

Activity: Is this child able to keep up with siblings or age mates? Is the child willing or reluctant to go out to play? Is the child able to climb stairs, ride a bike, walk a few blocks? Does the child squat to rest during play or to watch television, or assume a knee-chest position while sleeping? Have you noted “blue spells” during exercise?
A)Fatigue. Record specific limitations.
B)Cyanosis.
C)both a and b

Answer 188

C

Question 189

Has the child had any unexplained joint pains or unexplained fever?
A)true
B)false

Answer 189

True

Question 190

Does the child have frequent headaches, nosebleeds?
A)true
B)false

Answer 190

True

Question 191

Does the child have frequent respiratory infections? How many per year? How are they treated? Have any of these proved to be streptococcal infections?
A)true
B)false

Answer 191

True

Question 192

Family history: Does the child have a sibling with heart defect? Is anyone in the child’s family known to have chromosomal abnormalities, such as Down syndrome?
A)true
B)false

Answer 192

A

Question 193

Additional History for the Pregnant Woman

Answer 193

,

Question 194

Have you had any high blood pressure during this or earlier pregnancies? • What was your usual blood pressure level before pregnancy? How has your blood pressure been monitored during the pregnancy? • If high blood pressure, what treatment has been started? • Any associated symptoms: Weight gain, protein in urine, swelling in feet, legs, or face?
A)true
B)false

Answer 194

True

Question 195

Do you take any medications for your illness such as digitalis? Aware of side effects? Have you recently stopped taking your medication? Why?
A) Noncompliance may be related to side effects or lack of finances.
B)false

Answer 195

A

Question 196

Environment: Does your home have any stairs? How often do you need to climb them? Does this have any effect on activities of daily living?
A)true
B)false

Answer 196

A

Question 197

OBJECTIVE DATA

Answer 197

,

Question 198

To evaluate the carotid arteries, the person can be sitting up. To assess the jugular veins and the precordium, the person should be supine with the head and chest slightly elevated.
A)true
B)false

Answer 198

A

Question 199

To assess the jugular veins and the precordium, the person should be _______ with the head and chest slightly elevated.
A)supine
B)recumbent

Answer 199

A

Question 200

Stand on the person’s right side; this will facilitate your hand placement, viewing of the neck veins, and auscultation of the precordium.
A)true
B)false

Answer 200

A

Question 201

The room must be warm-chilling makes the person uncomfortable, and shivering interferes with heart sounds. Take scrupulous care to ensure quiet; heart sounds are very soft, and any ambient room noise masks them.
A)true
B)false

Answer 201

A

Question 202

Ensure the female’s privacy by keeping her breasts draped. The female’s left breast overrides part of the area you will need to examine. Gently displace the breast upward, or ask the woman to hold it out of the way.
A)true
B)false

Answer 202

A

Question 203

When performing a regional cardiovascular assessment, use this order:

1. Pulse and blood pressure (see Chapter 9)
2. Extremities (see Peripheral Vascular Assessment in Chapter 20)
3. Neck vessels
4. Precordium

Answer 203

True

Question 204

When performing a regional cardiovascular assessment, use this order:
1. Pulse and blood pressure (see Chapter 9)
2. Extremities (see Peripheral Vascular Assessment in Chapter 20)
3. Neck vessels
4. Precordium
A)true
B)fase

Answer 204

A

Question 205

The logic of this order is that you will begin observations peripherally and move in toward the heart
A)true
B)false

Answer 205

A

Question 206

EQUIPMENT NEEDED

Answer 206

,

Question 207

EQUIPMENT NEEDED 
>Marking pen 
>Small centimeter ruler 
>Stethoscope with diaphragm and bell end pieces 
>Alcohol wipe (to clean endpiece) 
A)true
B)false

Answer 207

A

Question 208

Palpate the Carotid Artery

Answer 208

,

Question 209

Located central to the heart, the carotid artery yields important information on cardiac function.
A)true
B)false

Answer 209

True

Question 210

Located central to the heart, the__________ artery yields important information on cardiac function.

Answer 210

carotid

Question 211

Palpate each carotid artery medial to the sternomastoid muscle in the neck. Avoid excessive pressure on the carotid sinus area higher in the neck; excessive vagal stimulation here could slow down the heart rate, especially in older adults. Take care to palpate gently.
A)true
B)false

Answer 211

A

Question 212

Palpate only one carotid artery at a time to avoid compromising arterial blood to the brain.
A)true
B)false

Answer 212

A

Question 213

Carotid sinus hypersensitivity is the condition in which pressure over the carotid sinus leads to a decreased heart rate, decreased BP, and cerebral ischemia with syncope. This may occur in older adults with hypertension or occlusion of the carotid artery.
A)true
B)false

Answer 213

A

Question 214

___________ is the condition in which pressure over the carotid sinus leads to a decreased heart rate, decreased BP, and cerebral ischemia with syncope. This may occur in older adults with hypertension or occlusion of the carotid artery.
A)sinusitis
B)Carotid sinus hypersensitivity

Answer 214

B

Question 215

Feel the contour and amplitude of the pulse. Normally the contour is smooth with a rapid upstroke and slower downstroke, and the normal strength is 2+ or moderate.assessment of the ______artery
A)jugular
B)carotid
C)both a and b

Answer 215

B

Question 216

Diminished pulse feels small and weak (decreased stroke volume). Is?
A)abnormal finding of the carotid artery
B)normal finding of the carotid artery

Answer 216

A

Question 217

Increased pulse feels full and strong in hyperkinetic states of the carotid artery is
A)normal finding
B)abnormal finding

Answer 217

B

Question 218

Auscultate the Carotid Artery

Answer 218

,

Question 219

For persons middle-aged or older or who show symptoms or signs of cardiovascular disease, auscultate each carotid artery for the presence of a bruit.This is a blowing, swishing sound indicating blood flow turbulence; normally none is present.
A)true
B) false

Answer 219

A

Question 220

.This is a blowing, swishing sound indicating blood flow turbulence
A)bruit
B)crack

Answer 220

A

Question 221

A bruit indicates turbulence due to a local vascular cause, such as atherosclerotic narrowing
A)true
B)false

Answer 221

A

Question 222

A ______ indicates turbulence due to a local vascular cause, such as atherosclerotic narrowing.
A)crack
B)bruit
C)overflow

Answer 222

B

Question 223

Keep the neck in a neutral position. Lightly apply the bell of the stethoscope over the carotid artery at three levels:
 (I) the angle of the jaw, 
(2) the midcervical area, and 
(3) the base of the neck 
A)true
B)false

Answer 223

A

Question 224

Keep the neck in a neutral position. Lightly apply the bell of the stethoscope over the carotid artery at three levels:
(I) the angle of the jaw,
(2) the midcervical area, and
(3) the base of the neck

Answer 224

Recite

Question 225

Avoid compressing the artery because this could create an artificial bruit, and it could compromise circulation if the carotid artery is already narrowed by atherosclerosis.
A)true
B)false

Answer 225

A

Question 226

Ask the person to take a breath, exhale, and hold it briefly while you listen so that tracheal breath sounds do not mask or mimic a carotid artery bruit. (Holding the breath on inhalation will also tense the levator scapulae muscles, which makes it hard to hear the carotids.) Sometimes you can hear normal heart sounds transmitted to the neck; do not confuse these with a bruit.
A)true
B)false

Answer 226

A

Question 227

Avoid compressing the artery,if so it could create an artificial bruit, and it could compromise circulation if the carotid artery is already narrowed by atherosclerosis.
A)true
B) fase

Answer 227

A

Question 228

Ask the person to take a breath, exhale, and hold it briefly while you listen so that tracheal breath sounds do not mask or mimic a carotid artery bruit.
A)true
B)false

Answer 228

A

Question 229

(Holding the breath on inhalation will also tense the levator scapulae muscles, which makes it hard to hear the carotids.) when assessing the carotid artery so be aware. Have the patient exhale and pause slightly
A)true
B)false

Answer 229

A

Question 230

A carotid bruit is audible when the lumen is occluded by 1/2 to 2/3% . Bruit loudness increases as the atherosclerosis worsens until the lumen is occluded by 2/3% . After that, bruit loudness decreases. When the lumen is completely occluded, the bruit disappears. Thus absence of a bruit does not ensure absence of a carotid lesion.
A)abnormal findings
B)normal findings

Answer 230

A

Question 231

A carotid bruit is audible when the lumen is occluded by 1/2 to 2/3% .
A)abnormal finding
B)normal finding

Answer 231

A

Question 232

Bruit loudness increases as the atherosclerosis worsens until the lumen is occluded by 2/3% . After that, bruit loudness decreases.
A)abnormal finding
B)normal finding

Answer 232

A

Question 233

When the lumen is completely occluded, the bruit disappears. Thus absence of a bruit does not ensure absence of a carotid lesion.
A)abnormal finding
B)normal finding

Answer 233

A

Question 234

A murmur sounds much the same but is caused by a cardiac disorder. Some aortic valve murmurs (aortic stenosis) radiate to the neck and must be distinguished from a local bruit.
A)abnormal finding
B)normal finding

Answer 234

A

Question 235

You must distinguish a murmur from a bruit, because a murmur comes from a cardiac disorder. Some aortic valve murmurs (aortic stenosis) radiate to the neck and must be distinguished from a local bruit.
A)true
B)false

Answer 235

A

Question 236

Inspect the Jugular Venous Pulse

Answer 236

,

Question 237

From the jugular veins you can assess the central venous pressure (CVP) and thus judge the heart’s efficiency as a pump. Stand on the person’s right side because the veins there have a direct route to the heart. Traditionally we have been taught to use the internal jugular vein pulsations for CVP assessment. However, you may use either the external or the internal jugular veins because measurements in both are similar.You can see the top of the external jugular vein distention overlying the sternomastoid muscle or the pulsation of the internal jugular vein in the sternal notch.
A)true
B) false

Answer 237

A

Question 238

From the jugular veins i can assess the central venous pressure (CVP) and thus judge the heart’s efficiency as a pump. I Stand on the person’s right side because the veins there have a direct route to the heart.
A)true
B)false

Answer 238

A

Question 239

Traditionally we have been taught to use the internal jugular vein pulsations for CVP assessment. you may use either the external or the internal jugular veins because measurements in both are similar.
A)true for assessment
B)false for assessment

Answer 239

A

Question 240

You can see the top of the external jugular vein distention overlying the sternomastoid muscle during a CVP assessment
A)true
B)false

Answer 240

A

Question 241

the pulsation of the internal jugular vein in the sternal notch.
A)true for assessment of CVP
B)false for assessment for CVP

Answer 241

A

Question 242

Position the person supine anywhere from a 30- to a 45-degree angle, wherever you can best see the top of the vein or pulsations.
A)true
B)false

Answer 242

A

Question 243

In general, the higher the venous pressure is, the higher the position you need.
A)true
B)false

Answer 243

A

Question 244

The higher the venous pressure the hight the bed needs to be.
A)true
B)false

Answer 244

A

Question 245

Remove the pillow to avoid flexing the neck; the head should be in the same plane as the trunk. Turn the person’s head slightly away from the examined side, and direct a strong light tangentially onto the neck to highlight pulsations and shadows.
A)assessing for the jugular venous pulse
B)false

Answer 245

A

Question 246

Note the external jugular veins overlying the sternomastoid muscle. In some persons, the veins are not visible at all, whereas in others they are full in the supine position. As the person is raised to a sitting position, these external jugulars flatten and disappear, usually at 45 degrees.
A)true
B)false

Answer 246

A

Question 247

As you rise the person to a sitting position, these external jugulars flatten and disappear, usually at 45 degrees.
A)true
B)false

Answer 247

A

Question 248

external jugulars flatten and disappear, usually at 45 degrees.
A)true
B)false

Answer 248

A

Question 249

Unilateral distention of external jugular veins is due to local cause (kinking or aneurysm)
A)true,abnormal
B)false,normal

Answer 249

A

Question 250

Unilateral distention of external jugular veins is due to local cause such as kinking or aneurysm so be aware
A)true
B)false

Answer 250

A

Question 251

Full distended external jugular veins above 45 degrees signify increased CVP as with heart failure.
A)true
B)false

Answer 251

A

Question 252

Full distended external jugular veins above 45 degrees greatly increases CVP as with heart failure along with it so this would be
A)abnormal finding
B)true, normal finding

Answer 252

A

Question 253

Now look for pulsations of the internal jugular veins in the area of the suprasternal notch or around the origin of the sternomastoid muscle around the clavicle. You must be able to distinguish internal jugular vein pulsation from that of the carotid artery. It is easy to confuse them because they lie close together
A)true
B)false

Answer 253

A

Question 254

You must be able to distinguish internal jugular vein pulsation from that of the carotid artery pulsations
A)true
B)false

Answer 254

A

Question 255

Characteristics of Jugular Versus Carotid Pulsations

Answer 255

,

Question 256

Internal Jugular Pulse

Answer 256

,

Question 257

Located, Lower, more lateral, under or behind the sternomastoid muscle.Undulant and diffuse, two visible waves per cycle.Varies with respiration; its level descends during inspiration when intrathoracic pressure is decreased. You can not palpate either.Light pressure at the base of the neck easily obliterates.Level of pulse drops and disappears as the person is brought to a sitting position.
A)Internal Jugular Pulse
B)Carotid Pulse

Answer 257

A

Question 258

Carotid Pulse

Answer 258

,

Question 259

Higher and medial to this muscle,Brisk and localized, one wave per cycle,Does not vary, you can palpate the location.
A)Internal Jugular Pulse
B)Carotid Pulse

Answer 259

B

Question 260

Carotid pulse is unchanged by change of position and by pressure,whereas internal jugular changes
A)true
B)false

Answer 260

A

Question 261

Estimate the Jugular Venous Pressure

Answer 261

,

Question 262

Think of the jugular veins as a CVP manometer attached directly to the right atrium. You can “read” the CVP at the highest level of pulsations. Use the angle of Louis (sternal angle) as an arbitrary reference point, and compare it with the highest level of the distended vein or venous pulsation.
A)true
B)false

Answer 262

A

Question 263

You can “read” the CVP at the highest level of pulsations. Use the angle of Louis (sternal angle) as an arbitrary reference point, and compare it with the highest level of the distended vein or venous pulsation.
A)true
B)false

Answer 263

A

Question 264

Hold a vertical ruler on the sternal angle. Align a straight edge on the ruler like a T-square, and adjust the level of the horizontal straight edge to the level of pulsation. Read the level of intersection on the vertical ruler; normal jugular venous pulsation is 2 cm or less above the sternal angle. Also state the person’s position, for example, “internal jugular vein pulsations 3 cm above sternal angle when elevated 30 degrees.”
A)true
B)false

Answer 264

A

Question 265

normal jugular venous pulsation is 2 cm or less above the sternal angle. Also state the person’s position, for example, “internal jugular vein pulsations 3 cm above sternal angle when elevated 30 degrees.”
A)true
B)false

Answer 265

A

Question 266

Elevated pressure is a level of pulsation that is more than 3 cm above the sternal angle while at 45 degrees. This occurs with heart failure.
A)abnormal finding
B)normal finding

Answer 266

A

Question 267

Elevated pressure is a level of pulsation that is more than 3 em above the sternal angle while at 45 degrees. This occurs with ___________

Answer 267

Heart failure

Question 268

If you cannot find the internal jugular veins, use the external jugular veins and note the point where they look collapsed. Be aware that the technique of estimating venous pressure is difficult and is not always a reliable predictor of CVP. Consistency in grading among examiners is difficult to achieve.
A)true
B)false

Answer 268

A

Question 269

If venous pressure is elevated or if you suspect heart failure, perform hepatojugular reflux.
A)true
B)false

Answer 269

A

Question 270

Position the person comfortably supine, and instruct him or her to breathe quietly through an open mouth. Hold your right hand on the right upper quadrant of the person’s abdomen just below the rib cage. Watch the level of jugular pulsation as you push in with your hand. Exert firm sustained pressure for 30 seconds. This displaces venous blood out of the liver sinusoids and adds its volume to the venous system. If the heart is able to pump this additional volume (i.e., if no elevated CVP is present), the jugular veins will rise for a few seconds and then recede back to the previous level.
A) performing hepatojugular reflux
B) internal jugular palpitations

Answer 270

A

Question 271

If venous pressure is elevated or if you suspect heart failure, perform
A)hepatojugular reflux
B)carotid pulsations test

Answer 271

A

Question 272

If heart failure is present, the jugular veins will elevate and stay elevated as long as you push.
A)positive of a hepatojugular reflux
B)negative of a hepatojugular reflux

Answer 272

A

Question 273

THE PRECORDIUM

Answer 273

,

Question 274

Inspect the Anterior Chest

Answer 274

,

Question 275

Arrange tangential lighting to accentuate any flicker of movement.
A)true
B)false

Answer 275

A

Question 276

Pulsations. You may or may not see the apical impulse, the pulsation created as the left ventricle rotates against the chest wall during systole. When visible, it occupies the fourth or fifth intercostal space, at or inside the midclavicular line. It is easier to see in children and in those with thinner chest walls.
A) true
B)false

Answer 276

A

Question 277

It is easier to see in children and in those with thinner chest walls.
A) apical pulse
B) radial pulse
C)brachial pulse

Answer 277

A

Question 278

A heave or lift is a sustained forceful thrusting of the ventricle during systole. It occurs with ventricular hypertrophy as a result of increased workload. A right ventricular heave is seen at the sternal border; a left ventricular heave is seen at the apex
A)abnormal finding of anterior chest
B)normal finding of anterior chest

Answer 278

A

Question 279

A right ventricular heave is seen at the sternal border;
A)normal finding anterior to the chest
B)abnormal finding anterior to the chest

Answer 279

B

Question 280

a left ventricular heave is seen at the apex
A)abnormal finding is anterior to the chest
B)normal finding is anterior to the chest

Answer 280

A

Question 281

A_________ or lift is a sustained forceful thrusting of the ventricle during systole. It occurs with ventricular hypertrophy as a result of increased workload.
A)heave
B)split

Answer 281

A

Question 282

Palpate the Apical Impulse

Answer 282

,

Question 283

(This used to be called the point of maximal impulse, or PMI. Because some abnormal conditions may cause a maximal impulse to be felt elsewhere on the chest, use the term apical impulse specifically for the apex beat.)
A)true
B)false

Answer 283

A

Question 284

Localize the apical impulse precisely by using one finger pad. Asking the person to “exhale and then hold it” aids the examiner in locating the pulsation. You may need to roll the person midway to the left to find it; note that this also displaces the apical impulse farther to the left.
A)true
B)false

Answer 284

A

Question 285

Asking the person to “exhale and then hold it” aids the examiner in locating the pulsation.
A)true
B)false

Answer 285

A

Question 286

You may need to roll the person midway to the left to find the apical pulse in do so I need to note that this also
A)displaces the apical impulse farther to the left
B)displaces the apical impulse farther to the right

Answer 286

A

Question 287

Location- The apical impulse should occupy only one interspace, the fourth or fifth, and be at or medial to the midclavicular line
• Size-Normally l x 2 cm
Amplitude-Normally a short, gentle tap
• Duration-Short, normally occupies only first half of systole
A)all from apical pulse
B)all from brachial pulse

Answer 287

A

Question 288

Cardiac enlargement:
• Left ventricular dilation (volume overload) displaces impulse down and to left and increases size more than one space.
• A sustained impulse with increased force and duration but no change in location occurs with left ventricular hypertrophy and no dilation.
A)true
B)false

Answer 288

A

Question 289

Cardiac enlargement:
• Left ventricular dilation (volume overload) displaces impulse down and to left and increases size more than one space.
A)abnormal finding of apical pulse
B)normal finding of apical pulse

Answer 289

A

Question 290

sustained impulse with increased force and duration but has no change in the location that it occurs with left ventricular hypertrophy and no dilation.
A)true
B)false

Answer 290

A

Question 291

The apical impulse is palpable in about half of adults.
A)true
B)false

Answer 291

A

Question 292

It is not palpable in obese persons or in persons with thick chest walls.
A)true
B)false

Answer 292

A

Question 293

With high cardiac output states (anxiety, fever, hyperthyroidism, anemia), the apical impulse increases in
A)amplitude and duration.
B)intensity and duration.

Answer 293

A

Question 294

Not palpable with pulmonary emphysema due to overriding lungs.
A)apical pulse
B)brachial pulse

Answer 294

A

Question 295

Palpate Across the Precordium

Answer 295

,

Question 296

Using the palmar aspects of your four fingers, gently palpate the apex, the left sternal border, and the base, searching for any other pulsations. Normally none occur. If any are present, note the timing. Use the carotid artery pulsation as a guide, or auscultate as you palpate.
A)true
B)false

Answer 296

A

Question 297

A thrill is a palpable vibration. It feels like the throat of a purring cat. The thrill signifies turbulent blood flow and accompanies loud murmurs. Absence of a thrill, however, does not necessarily rule out the presence of a murmur.
A)true
B)false

Answer 297

A

Question 298

A ______ is a palpable vibration. It feels like the throat of a purring cat. The ______ signifies turbulent blood flow and accompanies loud murmurs. Absence of a ______, however, does not necessarily rule out the presence of a murmur.

Answer 298

Thrill

Question 299

The _______ signifies turbulent blood flow and accompanies loud murmurs.

Answer 299

Thrill

Question 300

Absence of a thrill, however, does not necessarily rule out the presence of a murmur.
A)true
B)false

Answer 300

A

Question 301

A thrill can indicate a murmur but also even without a thrill an heart murmur can still be present.
A)true
B)false

Answer 301

A

Question 302

Accentuated first and second heart sounds and extra heart sounds also may cause abnormal pulsations.
A)true
B)false

Answer 302

A

Question 303

Percussion

Answer 303

,

Question 304

Percussion is used to outline the heart’s borders, but it has been displaced by the chest x-ray or echocardiogram. Evidence shows these are more accurate in detecting heart enlargement. When the right ventricle enlarges, it does so in the anteroposterior diameter, which is better seen on x-ray film. Evidence from numerous comparison studies shows the percussed cardiac border correlates “only moderately” with the true cardiac border.Also, percussion is of limited usefulness with the female breast tissue or in an obese person or a person with a muscular chest wall
A)true
B)false

Answer 304

A

Question 305

percussion is of limited usefulness with the female breast tissue or in an obese person or a person with a muscular chest wall
A)true
B)false

Answer 305

A

Question 306

The nurse wants to perform a percussion test on a female and a obese patient the nurse should
A)continue the procedure
B)take x-rays

Answer 306

B

Question 307

Cardiac enlargement is due to increased ventricular volume or wall thickness; it occurs with hypertension, CAD, heart failure, and cardiomyopathy.
A)true
B)false

Answer 307

A

Question 308

Cardiac enlargement is due to increased ventricular volume or wall thickness; it occurs with ______________, CAD, heart failure, and cardiomyopathy.
A)hypertension
B)hypotension

Answer 308

A

Question 309

Auscultation

Answer 309

,

Question 310

Identify the auscultatory areas where you will listen. These include the four traditional valve “areas”. The valve areas are not over the actual anatomic locations of the valves but are the sites on the chest wall where sounds produced by the valves are best heard. The sound radiates with the direction of blood flow.
A)true
B)false

Answer 310

A

Question 311

The valve areas are:
• Second right interspace-aortic valve area
• Second left interspace-pulmonic valve area >Left lower sternal border-tricuspid valve area
>Fifth interspace at around left midclavicular line-mitral valve area

Answer 311

True

Question 312

Do not limit your auscultation to only four locations. Sounds produced by the valves may be heard all over the precordium. (For this reason, many experts even discourage the naming of the valve areas.) Thus learn to inch your stethoscope in a rough Z pattern, from the base of the heart across and down, then over to the apex. Or start at the apex and work your way up
A)true
B)false

Answer 312

A

Question 313

Thus learn to inch your stethoscope in a rough Z pattern, from the base of the heart across and down, then over to the apex. Or start at the apex and work your way up.
A)is the best way when ascultating the heart sounds
B)false

Answer 313

A

Question 314

Clean the end pieces with an alcohol wipe; you will use both endpieces. Although all heart sounds are low frequency, the diaphragm is for relatively higher pitched sounds and the bell is for relatively lower pitched ones.
A)true
B)false

Answer 314

A

Question 315

all heart sounds are low frequency
A)true
B)false

Answer 315

A

Question 316

the diaphragm is for relatively higher pitched sounds
A)true
B)false

Answer 316

A

Question 317

The bell of the stethoscope is used for low pitch sounds
A)true
B)false

Answer 317

A

Question 318

Before you begin, alert the person: “I always listen to the heart in a number of places on the chest. Just because I am listening a long time, it does not necessarily mean that something is wrong.
A)true
B)false

Answer 318

A

Question 319

After you place the stethoscope, try closing your eyes briefly to tune out any distractions. Concentrate, and listen selectively to one sound at a time. Consider that at least two, and perhaps three or four, sounds may be happening in less than I second. You cannot process everything at once. Begin with the diaphragm end piece and use the following routine:
 (I) note the rate and rhythm, 
(2) identify s1 and s2, 
(3) assess s1 and s2 separately, 
( 4) listen for extra heart sounds, and 
(5) listen for murmurs.

Answer 319

True

Question 320

The rate ranges normally from 50 to 90 beats per minute.or 60-100
A)true
B)false

Answer 320

A

Question 321

The rhythm should be regular, although sinus arrhythmia occurs normally in young adults and children. With sinus arrhythmia, the rhythm varies with the person’s breathing, increasing at the peak of inspiration and slowing with expiration. Note any other irregular rhythm. If one occurs, check if it has any pattern or if it is totally irregular.
A)true
B)false

Answer 321

A

Question 322

sinus arrhythmia occurs normally in young adults and children.
A)true
B)false

Answer 322

A

Question 323

With ___________, the rhythm varies with the person’s breathing, increasing at the peak of inspiration and slowing with expiration. Note any other irregular rhythm. If one occurs, check if it has any pattern or if it is totally irregular.

Answer 323

Sinus arrhythmia

Question 324

Premature beat-an isolated beat is early, or a pattern occurs in which every third or fourth beat sounds early.
A)abnormal finding of the heart
B) normal finding of the heart

Answer 324

A

Question 325

Irregularly irregular- no pattern to the sounds; beats come rapidly and at random intervals.
A)abnormal finding of the heart
B)normal finding of the heart

Answer 325

A

Question 326

When you notice any irregularity, check for a pulse deficit by auscultating the apical beat while simultaneously palpating the radial pulse. Count a serial measurement (one after the other) of apical beat and radial pulse. Normally, every beat you hear at the apex should perfuse to the periphery and be palpable. The two counts should be identical. When different, subtract the radial rate from the apical and record the remainder as the pulse deficit.
A)true
B)false

Answer 326

A

Question 327

When you notice any irregularity, check for a pulse deficit by auscultating the apical beat while simultaneously palpating the radial pulse.
A)true
B)false

Answer 327

A

Question 328

Normally, every beat you hear at the apex should perfuse to the periphery and be palpable. The two counts should be identical. When different, subtract the radial rate from the apical and record the remainder as the pulse deficit.
A)true
B)false

Answer 328

A

Question 329

Subtract radial from apical for a pulse deficit
A)true
B)false

Answer 329

A

Question 330

A pulse deficit signals a weak contraction of the ventricles; it occurs with atrial fibrillation, premature beats, and heart failure
A)abnormal finding
B)normal finding

Answer 330

A

Question 331

A __________ signals a weak contraction of the ventricles; it occurs with atrial fibrillation, premature beats, and heart failure

Answer 331

pulse deficit

Question 332

A pulse deficit signals a weak contraction of the ventricles; it occurs with atrial fibrillation, A)premature beats
B)heart failure
C)both a and b

Answer 332

C

Question 333

Identify S1 and S2• This is important because S1 is the start of systole and thus serves as the reference point for the timing of all other cardiac sounds. Usually, you can identify S1 instantly because you hear a pair of sounds close together (lub-dup), and S1 is the first of the pair. This guideline works, except in the cases of the tachydysrhythmias (rates> 100 per minute). Then the diastolic filling time is shortened, and the beats are too close together to distinguish.
A) true
B)false

Answer 333

A

Question 334

S1 is the start of systole and thus serves as the reference point for the timing of all other cardiac sounds.
A)true
B)false

Answer 334

A

Question 335

Usually, you can identify S1 instantly because you hear a pair of sounds close together (lub-dup), and S1 is the first of the pair. This guideline works, except in the cases of the tachydysrhythmias (rates> 100 per minute). Then the diastolic filling time is shortened, and the beats are too close together to distinguish.
A)true
B)false

Answer 335

A

Question 336

Other guidelines to distinguish S1 from S2 are
• S1 is louder than s2 at the apex; S2 is louder than s1 at the base.
• S1 coincides with the carotid artery pulse. Feel the carotid gently as you auscultate at the apex; the sound you hear as you feel each pulse is S1
>S1 coincides with the R wave (the upstroke of the QRS complex) if the person is on an ECG monitor.

Answer 336

True

Question 337

S1is louder at the apex than s2
A)true
B)false

Answer 337

A

Question 338

S2is louder at the base then s1
A)true
B)false

Answer 338

A

Question 339

Listen to S1 and S2 Separately. Note whether each heart sound is normal, accentuated, diminished, or split. Inch your diaphragm across the chest as you do this.
A)true
B)false

Answer 339

A

Question 340

First Heart Sound (S1). Caused by closure of the AV valves, S1 signals the beginning of systole. You can hear it over the entire precordium, although it is loudest at the apex. (Sometimes the two sounds are equally loud at
the apex, because s1 is lower pitched than s2.)
A)true
B)false

Answer 340

A

Question 341

Both heart sounds are diminished with conditions that place an increased amount of tissue between the heart and your stethoscope: emphysema (hyperinflated lungs), obesity, pericardial fluid.
A)abnormal findings of the heart
B)normal findings of the heart

Answer 341

A

Question 342

You can hear S1 with the diaphragm with the person in any position and equally well in inspiration and expiration. A split S1 is normal, but it occurs rarely. A split S1 means you are hearing the mitral and tricuspid components separately. It is audible in the tricuspid valve area, the left lower sternal border. The split is very rapid, with the two components only 0.03 second apart.
A)true
B)false

Answer 342

A

Question 343

A split S1 is normal, but it occurs rarely. A split S1 means you are hearing the mitral and tricuspid components separately. It is audible in the tricuspid valve area, the left lower sternal border. The split is very rapid, with the two components only 0.03 second apart.
A)true
B)false

Answer 343

A

Question 344

A split is normal
A)true
B)false

Answer 344

A

Question 345

A split S1 means you are hearing the mitral and tricuspid components separately. It is audible in the tricuspid valve area, the left lower sternal border. The split is very rapid, with the two components only 0.03 second apart
A)true
B)false

Answer 345

A

Question 346

A split means you hear the tricuspid and mitral valve separately
A)true
B) false

Answer 346

A

Question 347

Second Heart Sound (S2) The S2 is associated with closure of the semilunar valves. You can hear it with the diaphragm, over the entire precordium, although S2 is loudest at the base
A)true
B)false

Answer 347

A

Question 348

S2is closure of the semilunar valves
A)true
B)false

Answer 348

A

Question 349

Splitting of S2
• A split S2 is a normal phenomenon that occurs toward the end of inspiration in some people. Recall that closure of the aortic and pulmonic valves is nearly synchronous. Because of the effects of respiration on the heart described earlier, inspiration separates the timing of the two valves’ closure, and the aortic valve closes 0.06 second before the pulmonic valve. Instead of one DUP, you hear a split sound- T-DUP. During expiration, synchrony returns and the aortic and pulmonic components fuse together. A split S2 is heard only in the pulmonic valve area, the second left interspace.
A)true
B)false

Answer 349

A

Question 350

Splitting of S2
• A split S2 is a normal phenomenon that occurs toward the end of inspiration in some people. Because of the effects of respiration on the heart described earlier, inspiration separates the timing of the two valves’ closure, and the aortic valve closes 0.06 second before the pulmonic valve. Instead of one DUP, you hear a split sound- T-DUP . During expiration, synchrony returns and the aortic and pulmonic components fuse together. A split S2 is heard only in the pulmonic valve area, the second left interspace.
A)true
B)false

Answer 350

A

Question 351

A split S2 is heard only in the pulmonic valve area, the second left interspace.
A)true
B)false

Answer 351

A

Question 352

S2 splitting is the aortic valve and the pulmonic valve
A)true
B)false

Answer 352

A

Question 353

When you first hear the split s2, do not be tempted to ask the person to hold his or her breath so that you can concentrate on the sounds. Breath holding will only equalize ejection times in the right and left sides of the heart and cause the split to go away. Instead, concentrate on the split as you watch the person’s chest rise up and down with breathing. The split S2 occurs about every fourth heartbeat, fading in with inhalation and fading out with exhalation.
A)true
B)false

Answer 353

A

Question 354

The split S2 occurs about every fourth heartbeat, fading in with inhalation and fading out with exhalation.
A)true
B)false

Answer 354

A

Question 355

A fixed split is unaffected by respiration; the split is always there
A)true
B)false

Answer 355

A

Question 356

A paradoxical split is the opposite of what you would expect; the sounds fuse on inspiration and split on expiration.
A)true
B)false

Answer 356

A

Question 357

A________ split is the opposite of what you would expect; the sounds fuse on inspiration and split on expiration

Answer 357

paradoxical

Question 358

A_____ split is unaffected by respiration; the split is always there

Answer 358

fixed

Question 359

Focus on Systole , Then on Diastole, and Listen for any Extra Heart Sounds. Listen with the diaphragm, then switch to the bell, covering all auscultatory areas. Usually these are silent periods. When you do detect an extra heart sound, listen carefully to note its timing and characteristics. During systole, the midsystolic click (which is associated with mitral valve prolapse) is the most common extra sound. The third and fourth heart sounds occur in diastole; either may be normal or abnormal.
A)true
B)false

Answer 359

A

Question 360

Focus on Systole , Then on Diastole, and Listen for any Extra Heart Sounds. Listen with the diaphragm, then switch to the bell, covering all auscultatory areas. Usually these are silent periods.
A)true
B)false

Answer 360

A

Question 361

When you do detect an extra heart sound, listen carefully to note its timing and characteristics.
A)true
B)false

Answer 361

A

Question 362

During systole, the midsystolic click (which is associated with mitral valve prolapse) is the most common extra sound.
A)true
B)false

Answer 362

A

Question 363

The most common extra sound during the systolic is the midsystolic click which is associated with the mitral valve prolapse
A)true
B) false

Answer 363

A

Question 364

The third and fourth heart sounds occur in diastole; either may be normal or abnormal
A)true
B)false

Answer 364

A

Question 365

A pathologic S3 (ventricular gallop) occurs with heart failure and volume overload; a pathologic S4 (atrial gallop} occurs with CAD
A)true
B)false

Answer 365

A

Question 366

A pathologic S3 (ventricular gallop) occurs with A)heart failure
B)volume overload;
C)both a and b

Answer 366

C

Question 367

a pathologic S4 (atrial gallop} occurs with CAD
A)true
B)false

Answer 367

A

Question 368

Listen for Murmurs. A murmur is a blowing, swooshing sound that occurs with turbulent blood flow in the heart or great vessels. Except for the innocent murmurs described, murmurs are abnormal
A)true
B)false

Answer 368

A

Question 369

. A ___________ is a blowing, swooshing sound that occurs with turbulent blood flow in the heart or great vessels. Except for the innocent __________ described, _______ are abnormal

Answer 369

murmur

Question 370

All murmurs are abnormal except innocent murmur
A)true
B)false

Answer 370

A

Question 371

Murmurs may be due to congenital defects and acquired valvular defects.
A)true
B)false

Answer 371

A

Question 372

Murmurs may be do to congenital heart disease and valvular(relating or acting as valves) defects
A)true
B)false

Answer 372

A

Question 373

If you hear a murmur, describe it by indicating these following characteristics:

Answer 373

,

Question 374

Timing. It is crucial to define the murmur by its occurrence in systole or diastole. You must be able to identify S1 and S2 accurately to do this. Try to further describe the murmur as being in early, mid-, or late systole or diastole; throughout the cardiac event (termed pansystolic, holosystolic/pandiastolic, or holodiastolic); and whether it obscures or muffles the heart sounds.
A)true
B)false

Answer 374

A

Question 375

A systolic murmur may occur with a normal heart or with heart disease; a diastolic murmur always indicates heart disease.
A)true
B)false

Answer 375

A

Question 376

A systolic murmur may occur with a normal heart or with heart disease;
A)true
B)false

Answer 376

A

Question 377

a diastolic murmur always indicates heart disease.
A)true
B)false

Answer 377

A

Question 378

Loudness. Describe the intensity in terms of six “grades.” For example, record a grade ii murmur as “ii/vi.”

Grade i-Barely audible, heard only in a quiet room and then with difficulty
Grade ii-Clearly audible, but faint
Grade iii-Moderately loud, easy to hear
Grade iv-Loud, associated with a thrill palpable on the chest wall
Grade v-Very loud, heard with one corner of the stethoscope lifted off the chest wall
Grade vi- Loudest, still heard with entire stethoscope lifted just off the chest wall

Answer 378

True

Question 379

Pitch. Describe the pitch as high, medium, or low. The pitch depends on the pressure and the rate of blood flow producing the murmur.
A)true
B)false

Answer 379

A

Question 380

Pattern. The intensity may follow a pattern during the cardiac phase, growing louder (crescendo), tapering off (decrescendo), or increasing to a peak and then decreasing (crescendo-decrescendo, or diamond shaped). Because the whole murmur is just milliseconds long, it takes practice to diagnose any pattern.
A)true
B)false

Answer 380

A

Question 381

growing louder (crescendo), 
A)true
B)false

Answer 381

A

Question 382

tapering off (decrescendo), 
A)true
B)false

Answer 382

A

Question 383

Quality. Describe the quality as musical, blowing, harsh, or rumbling.
A)true
B)false

Answer 383

A

Question 384

The murmur of mitral stenosis is rumbling, whereas that of aortic stenosis is harsh
A)true
B)false

Answer 384

A

Question 385

The murmur of mitral sound stenosis is rumbling,
A)true
B)false

Answer 385

A

Question 386

The murmur that of aortic stenosis sound is harsh
A)true
B)false

Answer 386

A

Question 387

Location. Describe the area of maximum intensity of the murmur (where it is best heard) by noting the valve area or intercostal spaces.
A)true
B)false

Answer 387

True

Question 388

Radiation. The murmur may be transmitted downstream in the direction of blood flow and may be heard in another place on the precordium, the neck, the back, or the axilla.
A)true
B)false

Answer 388

A

Question 389

Posture. Some murmurs disappear or are enhanced by a change in position.
A)true
B)false

Answer 389

A

Question 390

Some murmurs are common in healthy children or adolescents and are termed innocent or functional.
A)true
B)false

Answer 390

A

Question 391

Innocent indicates having no valvular or other pathologic cause;
A)true
B)false

Answer 391

A

Question 392

Innocent heart murmur indicates no pathological conditions
A)true
B)false

Answer 392

A

Question 393

functional murmur is due to increased blood flow in the heart (e.g., in anemia, fever, pregnancy, hyperthyroidism).
A)true
B)false

Answer 393

A

Question 394

The contractile force of the heart is greater in children. This increases blood flow velocity. The increased velocity plus a smaller chest measurement makes an audible murmur.
A)true,functional murmur
B) false

Answer 394

A

Question 395

functional murmur is due to increased blood flow in the heart such as anemia, fever, pregnancy and hyperthyroidism
A)true
B)false

Answer 395

A

Question 396

The innocent murmur is generally soft (grade ii), midsystolic, short, crescendo-decrescendo, and with a vibratory or musical quality (“vooot” sound like fiddle strings). Also, the innocent murmur is heard at the second or third left intercostal space and disappears with sitting, and the young person has no associated signs of cardiac dysfunction.
A)true
B)false

Answer 396

A

Question 397

The innocent murmur is generally soft (grade ii), midsystolic, short, crescendo-decrescendo, and with a vibratory or musical quality (“vooot” sound like fiddle strings).
A)true
B)false

Answer 397

A

Question 398

Also, the innocent murmur is heard at the second or third left intercostal space and disappears with sitting, and the young person has no associated signs of cardiac dysfunction
A)true
B)false

Answer 398

A

Question 399

The innocent murmur disappears when sitting
A)true
B)false

Answer 399

A

Question 400

Although it is important to distinguish innocent murmurs from pathologic ones, it is best to suspect all murmurs as pathologic until they are proved other wise. Diagnostic tests such as ECG, phonocardiogram, and echocardiogram are needed to establish an accurate diagnosis.
A)true
B)false

Answer 400

A

Question 401

Change Position. After auscultating in the supine position, roll the person toward his or her left side. Listen with the bell at the apex for the presence of any diastolic filling sounds (i.e., the S3 or S4)
A)true
B)false

Answer 401

A

Question 402

the nurse turns the pt on his leftbside and Listen with the bell at the apex for the presence of any diastolic filling sounds (i.e., the S3 or S4)
A)true
B)false

Answer 402

A

Question 403

S3 and S4, and the murmur of mitral stenosis sometimes may be heard only when on the left side.
A)true
B)false

Answer 403

A

Question 404

S3 and S4, and the murmur of mitral stenosis sometimes may be heard only when on the patient is on _________ side

Answer 404

Left

Question 405

Ask the person to sit up, lean forward slightly, and exhale. Listen with the diaphragm firmly pressed at the base, right, and left sides. Check for the soft, high-pitched, early diastolic murmur of aortic or pulmonic regurgitation .
A)true
B)false

Answer 405

A

Question 406

Checking for the soft, high-pitched, early diastolic murmur of aortic or pulmonic regurgitation the nurse will
A)Ask the person to sit up, lean forward slightly, and exhale. Listen with the diaphragm firmly pressed at the base, right, and left sides.
B)false, put pt in supine

Answer 406

A

Question 407

Murmur of aortic regurgitation sometimes may be heard only when the person is leaning forward in the sitting position.
A)true
B)false

Answer 407

A

Question 408

Murmur of ________ regurgitation sometimes may be heard only when the person is leaning forward in the sitting position.
A)pulmonic
B) aortic

Answer 408

B

Question 409

DEVELOPMENTAL COMPETENCE

Infants

Answer 409

,

Question 410

The transition from fetal to pulmonic circulation occurs in the immediate newborn period. Fetal shunts normally close within 10 to 15 hours but may take up to 48 hours. Thus you should assess the cardiovascular system during the first 24 hours and again in 2 to 3 days.
A)true
B)false

Answer 410

A

Question 411

He often should the nurse assess an newborn after brith of the cardiovascular system
A)I should assess the cardiovascular system during the first 24 hours and again in 2 to 3 days.
B)only for the first hour

Answer 411

A

Question 412

A newborn, Fetal shunts normally close within 10 to 15 hours but may take up to 48 hours.
A)true
B)false

Answer 412

A

Question 413

Failure of shunts to close (e.g., patent ductus arteriosus [PDA], atrial septal defect [ASD]);
A)abnormal finding of infant
B)normal finding of infant

Answer 413

A

Question 414

Failure of shunts to close results in
A) patent ductus arteriosus [PDA]
B)atrial septal defect [ASD])
C)both a and b

Answer 414

C

Question 415

Note any extracardiac signs that may reflect heart status (particularly in the skin), liver size, and respiratory status. The skin color should be pink to pinkish brown, depending on the infant’s genetic heritage. If cyanosis occurs, determine its first appearance-at or shortly after birth versus after the neonatal period. Normally, the liver is not enlarged and the respirations are not labored. Also, note the expected parameters of weight gain throughout infancy.
A)true
B)false

Answer 415

A

Question 416

Note any extracardiac signs that may reflect heart status (particularly in the skin), liver size, and respiratory status. The skin color should be pink to pinkish brown, depending on the infant’s genetic heritage.
A)true
B)false

Answer 416

A

Question 417

A newborn skin color should be from pink to pinkish brown depending on the heritage/race
A)true
B) false

Answer 417

Aa

Question 418

If cyanosis occurs, determine its first appearance-at or shortly after birth versus after the neonatal period. Normally, the liver is not enlarged and the respirations are not labored.
A)true
B)false

Answer 418

A

Question 419

Cyanosis at or just after birth signals oxygen desaturation of congenital heart disease
A)true,abnormal finding
B)false,normal finding

Answer 419

A

Question 420

Cyanosis at or just after birth signals which f the following
A)oxygen desaturation of congenital heart disease
B)false,normal for brith

Answer 420

A

Question 421

The most important signs of heart failure in an infant are persistent tachycardia, tachypnea, and liver enlargement. Engorged veins, gallop rhythm, and pulsus alternans also are signs. Respiratory crackles (rales) are an important sign in adults but not in infants.
A)true
B)false

Answer 421

A

Question 422

The most important signs of heart failure in an infant are persistent tachycardia, tachypnea, and liver enlargement. Engorged veins, gallop rhythm, and pulsus alternans also are signs.
A)true
B)false

Answer 422

A

Question 423

Signs of heart failure in an infant would show 
A)tachycardia 
B)tachypena
C)liver enlargement 
D)all the above

Answer 423

D

Question 424

Respiratory crackles (rales) are an important sign in adults but not in infants for heart failure 
A)true
B)false

Answer 424

A

Question 425

Failure to thrive occurs with cardiac disease.
A)true
B)false

Answer 425

A

Question 426

An infant failure to thrive occurs with _________ disease

Answer 426

Cardiac

Question 427

Palpate the apical impulse to determine the size and position of the heart. Because the infant’s heart has a more horizontal placement, expect to palpate the apical impulse at the fourth intercostal space just lateral to the midclavicular line.
A)true
B)false

Answer 427

A

Question 428

The apex is displaced with:
• Cardiac enlargement, shifts to the left
• Pneumothorax, shifts away from the affected side
• Diaphragmatic hernia, shifts usually to right because this hernia occurs more often on the left
• Dextrocardia, a rare anomaly in which the heart is located on right side of chest

Answer 428

True

Question 429

The apex is displaced with:
• Cardiac enlargement, shifts to the left
A)true
B)false

Answer 429

A

Question 430

The apex is displaced with:
• Pneumothorax, shifts away from the affected side
A)true
B)false

Answer 430

A

Question 431

The apex is displaced with:
• Diaphragmatic hernia, shifts usually to right because this hernia occurs more often on the left
A)true
B)false

Answer 431

A

Question 432

The apex is displaced with:
• Dextrocardia, a rare anomaly in which the heart is located on right side of chest
A)true
B)false

Answer 432

A

Question 433

___________, a rare anomaly in which the heart is located on right side of chest

Answer 433

Dextrocardia

Question 434

The heart rate is best auscultated because radial pulses are hard to count accurately. Use the small (pediatric size) diaphragm and bell.
A)for infants
B)for adults

Answer 434

A

Question 435

Best site to go readings of the heart on an infant is the apical pulse
A)true
B)false

Answer 435

A

Question 436

Persistent tachycardia is >200 per minute in newborns, or > 150 per minute in infants
A)abnormal
B)normal

Answer 436

A

Question 437

Heart rate at brith would be from 100 to 180
A)true
B)false

Answer 437

A

Question 438

Heart of a newborn then stabilizes to 120 to 140.
A)true
B)false

Answer 438

A

Question 439

Infant crying heart rate may jump to 170
Infant sleeping may drop to 70 to 90
A)normal
B)abnormal

Answer 439

A

Question 440

Bradycardia is

Answer 440

A

Answer 441

A

Question 442

Expect the heart rhythm to have sinus arrhythmia, the phasic speeding up or slowing down with the respiratory cycle.
A)true
B)false

Answer 442

A

Question 443

It is normal for an infant to have sinus arrhythmia,
A)true
B)false

Answer 443

A

Question 444

___________, the phasic speeding up or slowing down with the respiratory cycle.

Answer 444

sinus arrhythmia

Question 445

Investigate any irregularity except sinus arrhythmia. On an infant
A)true
B)false

Answer 445

A

Question 446

Rapid rates make it more challenging to evaluate heart sounds. Expect heart sounds to be louder in infants than in adults because of the infant’s thinner chest wall.
A)true
B)false

Answer 446

A

Question 447

Heart sounds are louder in infants do to infants having thinner chest walls
A)true
B)false

Answer 447

A

Question 448

Also, S2 has a higher pitch and is sharper than S1• Splitting of S2 just after the height of inspiration is common, not at birth, but beginning a few hours after birth.
A)true for infant
B)false for infant

Answer 448

A

Question 449

Splitting of S2 just after the height of inspiration is common, not at birth, but beginning a few hours after birth.
A)true for infant
B)false for infant

Answer 449

A

Question 450

S2 is louder, shaper, higher pitch in the infant than S1
A)true
B)false

Answer 450

A

Question 451

Fixed split S2 indicates atrial septal defect
A)infant abnormal finding
B)infant normal finding

Answer 451

A

Question 452

Murmurs in the immediate newborn period do not necessarily indicate congenital heart disease.
A)true
B)false

Answer 452

A

Question 453

Murmurs are relatively common in the first 2 to 3 days because of fetal shunt closure. These murmurs are usually grade i or ii, are systolic, accompany no other signs of cardiac disease, and disappear in 2 to 3.
A)true
B)false

Answer 453

A

Question 454

absence of a murmur in the immediate newborn period does not ensure a perfect heart; congenital defects can be present that are not signaled by an early murmur. It is best to listen frequently and to note and describe any murmur according to the characteristics listed on.
A)true
B)false

Answer 454

A

Question 455

Absent of a murmur does not ensure a perfect heart so still keep on assessing the infant
A)true
B)false

Answer 455

A

Question 456

Persistent murmur after 2 to 3 days, holosystolic murmurs or those that last into diastole, and those that are loud-all warrant further evaluation.
A)abnormal finding on an infant
B)normal finding on an infant

Answer 456

A

Question 457

DEVELOPMENTAL COMPETENCE

Children

Answer 457

,

Question 458

Note any extracardiac or cardiac signs that may indicate heart disease: poor weight gain, developmental delay, persistent tachycardia, tachypnea, dyspnea on exertion, cyanosis, and clubbing.
A)true
B)false

Answer 458

A

Question 459

extracardiac or cardiac signs that may indicate ____________in children which is poor weight gain, developmental delay, persistent tachycardia, tachypnea, dyspnea on exertion, cyanosis, and clubbing.

Answer 459

Heart disease

Question 460

____________in children show signs of poor weight gain, developmental delay, persistent tachycardia, tachypnea, dyspnea on exertion, cyanosis, and clubbing.

Answer 460

Heart diseases

Question 461

Note that clubbing of fingers and toes usually does not appear until late in the lst year, even with severe cyanotic defects occurs in children related to heart disease
A) true
B)false

Answer 461

A

Question 462

The apical impulse is sometimes visible in children with thin chest walls.
A)true
B)false

Answer 462

A

Question 463

A precordial bulge to the left of the sternum with a hyperdynamic precordium signals cardiac enlargement. The bulge occurs because the cartilaginous rib cage is more compliant
A)true, for children
B)false, for children

Answer 463

A

Question 464

A precordial bulge to the left of the sternum with a hyperdynamic precordium signals ___________. The bulge occurs because the cartilaginous rib cage is more compliant

Answer 464

cardiac enlargement

Question 465

A substernal heave occurs with right ventricular enlargement; an apical heave occurs with left ventricular hypertrophy
A)true
B)false

Answer 465

A

Question 466

A substernal heave occurs with right ventricular enlargement;
A) true
B)false

Answer 466

A

Question 467

an apical heave occurs with left ventricular hypertrophy
A)true
B)false

Answer 467

A

Question 468

Palpate the apical impulse in the fourth intercostal space to the left of the midclavicular line until age 4 years; at the fourth interspace at the midclavicular line from age 4 to 6 years; and in the fifth interspace to the right of the midclavicular line at age 7 years
A)true
B)false

Answer 468

A

Question 469

Palpate apical pulse at the 4th intercostal from Brith to 6.
A)true
B)false

Answer 469

A

Question 470

At age 7 then you palpate the apical pulse at the 5th intercostal
A)true
B)false

Answer 470

A

Question 471

The apical impulse moves laterally with cardiac enlargement.
A)true
B)false

Answer 471

A

Question 472

Thrill is a (palpable vibration).
A)true
B)false

Answer 472

A

Question 473

The average heart rate slows as the child grows older, although it is still variable with rest or activity.
A)true
B)false

Answer 473

A

Question 474

The heart rhythm remains characterized by sinus arrhythmia.is common in children
A)true
B)false

Answer 474

A

Question 475

The heart rhythm remains characterized by sinus arrhythmia. Physiologic S3
is common in children.It occurs in early diastole, just after S2, and is a dull soft sound that is best heard at the apex.
A)true
B)false

Answer 475

A

Question 476

A venous hum- due to turbulence of blood flow in the jugular venous system-is common in healthy children and has no pathologic significance. It is a continuous, low-pitched, soft hum that is heard throughout the cycle, although it is loudest in diastole.Listen with the bell over the supraclavicular fossa at the medial third of the clavicle, especially on the right, or over the upper anterior chest.
A)true
B)false

Answer 476

A

Question 477

________-due to turbulence of blood flow in the jugular venous system-is common in healthy children and has no pathologic significance. It is a continuous, low-pitched, soft hum that is heard throughout the cycle, although it is loudest in diastole.Listen with the bell over the supraclavicular fossa at the medial third of the clavicle, especially on the right, or over the upper anterior chest.

Answer 477

Venous hum

Question 478

It is a continuous, low-pitched, soft hum that is heard throughout the cycle, although it is loudest in diastole.Listen with the bell over the supraclavicular fossa at the medial third of the clavicle, especially on the right, or over the upper anterior chest.

Answer 478

Venous hum

Question 479

The venous hum is usually not affected by respiration, may sound louder when the child stands, and is easily obliterated by occluding the jugular veins in the neck with your fingers.
A)true
B)false

Answer 479

A

Question 480

The venous hum sounds louder when child stands up and is easily obliterated when you press on the jugular veins
A)true
B)false

Answer 480

True

Question 481

This latter maneuver helps differentiate the venous hum from other cardiac murmurs
A)true
B)false

Answer 481

A

Question 482

maneuver helps differentiate the venous hum from other cardiac murmurs

Answer 482

Latter

Question 483

Heart murmurs that are innocent (or functional) in origin are very common through childhood
A)true
B)false

Answer 483

A

Question 484

Distinguish innocent murmurs from pathologic ones. This may involve referral to another examiner or the performance of diagnostic tests such as the EGG or ultrasonography.
A)true
B)false

Answer 484

A

Question 485

Most innocent murmurs have these characteristics: soft, relatively short systolic ejection murmur; medium pitch; vibratory; best heard at the left lower sternal or midsternal border, with no radiation to the apex, base, or back.
A)true
B)false

Answer 485

A

Question 486

For the child whose murmur has been shown to be innocent, it is very important that the parents understand this completely.
A)true
B)false

Answer 486

A

Question 487

They need to believe that this murmur is just a “noise” and has no pathologic significance. Otherwise, the parents may become overprotective and limit activity for the child which may result Ill the child developing a negative self-concept. For what murmur

Answer 487

Innocent murmur

Question 488

DEVELOPMENTAL COMPETENCE

The Pregnant Woman

Answer 488

,

Question 489

The vital signs usually yield an increase in resting pulse rate of 10 to 15 beats per minute and a drop in blood pressure from the normal prepregnancy level.
A)true
B)false

Answer 489

A

Question 490

The BP decreases to its lowest point during the second trimester and then slowly rises during the third trimester
A)true
B)false

Answer 490

A

Question 491

The BP varies with position. It is usually lowest in the left lateral recumbent position
A)pregnant woman
B)adult

Answer 491

A

Question 492

BP in a pregnant woman is a bit higher when
A)supine
B)lateral recumbents

Answer 492

A

Question 493

BP of a pregnant woman is highest when
A)sitting
B)laying down

Answer 493

A

Question 494

Suspect pregnancy-induced hypertension with a sustained rise of 30 mm Hg systolic or 15 mm Hg diastolic under basal conditions
A)abnormal finding
B)normal finding

Answer 494

A

Question 495

Inspection of the skin often shows a mild hyperemia in light-skinned women because the increased cutaneous blood flow tries to eliminate the excess heat generated by the increased metabolism.
A)pregnant woman normal
B)false, pregnant woman abnormal

Answer 495

A

Question 496

Skin in light skinned pregnant woman is hyperemia at times because the increased cutaneous blood flow tries to eliminate the excess heat generated by the increased metabolism.
A)true
B)false

Answer 496

A

Question 497

Palpation of the apical impulse is higher and lateral compared with the normal position, because the enlarging uterus elevates the diaphragm and displaces the heart up and to the left and rotates it on its long axis.
A)pregnant woman
B)adult men

Answer 497

A

Question 498

apical impulse is higher and lateral in a pregnant woman because the enlarging uterus elevates the diaphragm and displaces the heart up and to the left and rotates it on its long axis.
A)true
B)false

Answer 498

A

Question 499

Auscultation of the heart sounds shows changes caused by the increased blood volume and workload:
-Heart sounds
Exaggerated splitting of S1 and increased loudness of S1
A loud, easily heard S3
-Heart murmurs
A systolic murmur in 90%, Which disappears soon after delivery
A soft, diastolic murmur heard transiently in 19%
A continuous murmur from breast vasculature in 10%

Answer 499

True

Question 500

The last-mentioned murmur is termed a mammary souffle (pronounced soof’ f’l), which occurs near term or when the mother is lactating; it is due to increased blood flow through the internal mammary artery. The murmur is heard in the second, third, or fourth intercostal space; it is continuous, although it is accented in systole. You can obliterate it by pressure with the stethoscope or one finger lateral to the murmur.
A)true
B)false

Answer 500

A

Question 501

The last-mentioned murmur is termed a ___________ (pronounced soof’ f’l), which occurs near term or when the mother is lactating; it is due to increased blood flow through the internal mammary artery. The murmur is heard in the second, thjrd, or fourth intercostal space; it is continuous, although it is accented in systole. You can obliterate it by pressure with the stethoscope or one finger lateral to the murmur.

Answer 501

mammary souffle

Question 502

Murmur occurs in the term where the mother is lactating, the murmur is called mammary souffle
A)true
B)false

Answer 502

A

Question 503

Murmurs of aortic valve disease cannot be obliterated.
A)true
B)false

Answer 503

True

Question 504

The ECG has no changes except for a slight left axis deviation due to the change in the heart’s position.
A)true
B)false

Answer 504

A

Question 505

DEVELOPMENTAL COMPETENCE

The Aging Adult

Answer 505

,

Question 506

A gradual rise in systolic blood pressure is common with aging; the diastolic blood pressure stays fairly constant with a resulting widening of pulse.
A)aging adult
B)adult

Answer 506

A

Question 507

In the aging adult a gradual rise in systolic is normal.
A)true
B)false

Answer 507

A

Question 508

Some older adults experience orthostatic hypotension, a sudden drop in blood pressure when rising to sit or stand.
A)true
B)false

Answer 508

A

Question 509

Use caution in palpating and auscultating the carotid artery. Avoid pressure in the carotid sinus area, which could cause a reflex slowing of the heart rate.
A)aging adult
B)adult

Answer 509

A

Question 510

pressure on the carotid artery could compromise circulation if the artery is already narrowed by atherosclerosis
A)aging adult
B)adut

Answer 510

A

Question 511

When measuring jugular venous pressure, view the right internal jugular vein. The aorta stiffens, dilates and elongates with aging, which may compress the left neck veins and obscure pulsations on the left side
A)true
B)false

Answer 511

A

Question 512

measuring jugular venous pressure, view the right internal jugular vein. Because The aorta stiffens, dilates and elongates with aging, which may compress the left neck veins and obscure pulsations on the left side.
A)aging adult
B)adult

Answer 512

A

Question 513

Measure jugular venous pressure on the right side do to aging of aorta stiffness in the left side of vein structures
A)true
B)false

Answer 513

A

Question 514

The chest often increases in the anteroposterior diameter with aging. This makes it more difficult to palpate the apical impulse and to hear the splitting of S2.
A)aging adult
B)adult

Answer 514

A

Question 515

The S4 often occurs in older people with no known cardiac disease.
A)true
B)false

Answer 515

A

Question 516

Systolic murmurs are common, occurring in over 50% of aging people
A)true
B)false

Answer 516

A

Question 517

Occasional premature ectopic beats are common and do not necessarily indicate underlying heart disease. When in doubt, obtain an ECG.
A)true,aging adult
B)false, aging adult

Answer 517

A

Question 518

Accurately assess the heart on a ECG for a full 24 hrs for best results of any abnormal findings
A)true
B)false

Answer 518

A

Question 519

The S3 is associated with heart failure
and is always abnormal over age 35 years
A)true
B)false

Answer 519

A

Question 520

S3 in an 35 y/o or older is abnormal and associated with heart failure
A)true.
B)false.

Answer 520

A

Question 521

PROMOTING A HEALTHY LIFESTYLE: WOMEN AND HEART ATTACKS

The Heart Truth

Answer 521

,

Question 522

When someone complains of chest pain or pain radiating down the left arm, we think heart attack
A)true
B)false

Answer 522

A

Question 523

They are the most “typical” symptoms men have when having a myocardial infarction (MI), but not women. For women, symptoms can be quite different. A woman’s “atypical” symptoms may be one of the reasons that more women are dying from heart disease than men these days
A)true
B)false

Answer 523

A

Question 524

Women are more likely to feel a hot or cold burning sensation or a tenderness to touch in their back, shoulders, arms, or jaw-not sharp pain. Women’s symptoms often include nausea, vomiting, indigestion, and shortness of breath, which are easy to attribute to something other than the heart. The evidence now shows that women tend to minimize their symptoms or attribute them to something else. This may be due to a lack of awareness
A)true
B)false

Answer 524

A

Question 525

The Heart Truth is a national awareness and prevention campaign about heart disease in women sponsored by the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI). The campaign includes three components:

(1) professional education,
(2) patient education, and
(3) public awareness.

Answer 525

True

Question 526

ABNORMAL FINDINGS — - – — —— - - - - —- -

Answer 526

,

Question 527

Clinical Portrait of Heart Failure

Answer 527

,

Question 528

> Dilated pupils, a sympathetic nervous system response Skin pale, gray, or cyanotic
Dyspnea, SOBOE is early symptom from pulmonary congestion
Orthopnea, cannot breathe unless sitting up >Crackles, wheeze are adventitious breath sounds
Cough, frothy pink or white sputum >Decreased blood pressure stimulates sympathetic nervous system, which acts on heart to increase rate and increase force of contraction
Nausea and vomiting as peristalsis slows and bile and fluids back up into stomach >Dependent, pitting edema in sacrum, legs
acites large amount of fluid in the lungs
A)Clinical Portrait of Heart Failure
B)false

Answer 528

True

Question 529

> Anxiety, gasping from pulmonary congestion >Falling 02 saturation
Confusion, unconsciousness from decreased 02 to brain
Infarct, may be cause of decreased cardiac output
Fatigue, weakness from decreased cardiac output S3 gallop, tachycardia S3
Enlarged spleen and liver from venous congestion, which causes pressure on breathing
Decreased urine output as kidneys compensate for decreased cardiac output by retaining sodium and H20
Weak pulse Cool, moist skin as peripheral vasoconstriction shunts blood to vital organs
Jugular vein distention from venous congestion
A)Clinical Portrait of Heart Failure
B)false

Answer 529

True

Question 530

Decreased cardiac output occurs when the heart fails as a pump, and the circulation becomes backed up and congested.
A)congestive heart failure
B)false

Answer 530

A

Question 531

Signs and symptoms of heart failure come from two basic mechanisms:
(1) the heart’s inability to pump enough blood to meet the metabolic demands of the body; and
(2) the kidney’s compensatory mechanisms of abnormal retention of sodium and water to compensate for the decreased cardiac output. This increases blood volume and venous return, which causes further congestion.
A)true
B)false

Answer 531

A

Question 532

Onset of heart failure may be:
( l) acute, as following a myocardial infarction when direct damage to the heart’s contracting ability has occurred; or
(2) chronic, as with hypertension, when the ventricles must pump against chronically increased pressure.
A)true
B)false

Answer 532

A

Question 533

ABNORMAL FINDINGS FOR ADVANCED PRACTICE

Answer 533

,

Question 534

The intensity of S1 depends on three factors:
(1) position of AV valve at the start of systole, (2) structure of the valve leaflets, and
(3) how quickly pressure rises in the ventricle
A)Variations in S1
B)variations in S2

Answer 534

A

Question 535

Mitral and tricuspid components are heard
separately, normal but uncommon
A)S1 spilt
B)S2 split

Answer 535

A

Question 536

Semilunar valves thickened and calcified,
with decreased mobility.Aortic or pulmonic stenosis.
A)Diminished S2
B)false

Answer 536

A

Question 537

Aortic stenosis,Left bundle branch block ,Patent ductus arteriosus also is affected by respirations
A)Paradoxical Split
B)wide split

Answer 537

A

Question 538

A fixed split is unaffected by respiration;the spilt is always there,Atrial septal defect,Right ventricular failure, associated with the condition of a
A)fixed split
B)wide split

Answer 538

A

Question 539

When the right ventricle has delayed electrical activation, the split is very wide on inspiration and is still there on expiration, ex;Right bundle branch block (which delays P2)
A)wide spilt
B)fixed split

Answer 539

A

Question 540

Systolic Extra Sounds

Answer 540

,

Question 541

The __________ occurs early in systole at the start of ejection because it results from opening of the semilunar valves. Normally, the SL valves open silently, but in the presence of stenosis (e.g., aortic stenosis, pulmonic stenosis), their opening makes a sound. It is short and high pitched, with a click quality, and is heard better with the diaphragm.
A)ejection click
B)aortic click

Answer 541

A

Question 542

The __________ is heard at the second right interspace and apex and may be loudest at the apex. Its intensity does not change with respiration.
A) aortic ejection click
B)The pulmonic ejection .

Answer 542

A

Question 543

The ___________ is best heard in the second left interspace and often grows softer with inspiration
A)pulmonic ejection click
B)aortic ejection click

Answer 543

A

Question 544

As a sequela of modern technologic intervention for heart problems, some people now have iatrogenically induced heart sounds. The opening of a mechanical aortic ball-in-cage prosthesis produces an early systolic sound. This sound is less intense with a tilting disk prosthesis and is absent with a biologic tissue prosthesis (e.g., porcine)
A)Aortic Prosthetic Valve Sounds
B)Midsystolic Click

Answer 544

A

Question 545

Although it is systolic, this is not an ejection click. It is associated with mitral valve prolapse, in which the mitral valve leaflets not only close with contraction but balloon back up into the left atrium. During ballooning, the sudden tensing of the valve leaflets and the chordae tendineae creates the click.
A)Midsystolic Click
B)Aortic Prosthetic Valve Sounds

Answer 545

A

Question 546

The sound occurs in mid- to late systole and is short and high pitched, with a click quality. It is best heard with the diaphragm, at the apex, but also may be heard at the left lower sternal border. The click usually is followed by a systolic murmur. The click and murmur move with postural change; when the person assumes a squatting position, the click may move closer to S2, and the murmur may sound louder and delayed. The Valsalva maneuver also moves the click closer to S2.
A)Midsystolic Click
B)Opening Snap

Answer 546

A

Question 547

The Valsalva maneuver also moves the click closer to S2.
A)true
B) false

Answer 547

A

Question 548

Diastolic Extra Sounds

Answer 548

,

Question 549

Normally the opening of the AV valves is silent. In the presence of stenosis, increasingly higher atrial pressure is required to open the valve. The deformed valve opens with a noise: the opening snap. It is sharp and high pitched, with a snapping quality. It sounds after S2 and is best heard with the diaphragm at the third or fourth left interspace at the sternal border, less well at the apex.
A)Opening Snap
B)Mitral Prosthetic Valve Sound

Answer 549

A

Question 550

The opening snap usually is not an isolated sound. As a sign of mitral stenosis, the opening snap usually ushers in the lowpitched diastolic rumbling murmur of that condition
A)true
B)false

Answer 550

A

Question 551

An iatrogenic sound, the opening of a ball-in-cage mitral prosthesis gives an early diastolic sound: an opening click just after S2, It is loud, is heard over the whole precordium, and is loudest at the apex and left lower sternal border.
A)Opening Snap
B)Mitral Prosthetic Valve Sound

Answer 551

B

Question 552

Third Heart Sound
The S3 is a ventricular filling sound. It occurs in early diastole during the rapid filling phase. Your hearing quickly accommodates to the S3, so it is best heard when you listen initially. It sounds after S2 but later than an opening snap would be. It is a dull, soft sound, and it is low pitched, like “distant thunder.” It is heard best in a quiet room, at the apex, with the bell held lightly (just enough to form a seal), and with the person in the left lateral position
A)S3
B)S2

Answer 552

A

Question 553

The S3 can be confused with a split S2. Use these guidelines to distinguish the S3:
• Location- The S3 is heard at the apex or left lower sternal border; the split S2 at the base.
• Respiratory variation-The S3 does not vary in timing with respirations; the split S2 does.
• Pitch-The S3 is lower pitched; the pitch of the split S2 stays the same
A)true
B)false

Answer 553

A

Question 554

In adults, the S3 is usually abnormal. The pathologic S3 is also called a ventricular gallop or an S3 gallop, and it persists when sitting up. The S3 indicates decreased compliance of the ventricles, as in heart failure.
A)true
B)false

Answer 554

A

Question 555

The S3 may be the earliest sign of heart failure. The S3 may originate from either the left or the right ventricle; a left-sided S3 is heard at the apex in the left lateral position, and a right-sided S3 is heard at the left lower sternal border with the person supine and is louder in inspiration.
A)true
B)false

Answer 555

A

Question 556

The S3 occurs also with conditions of volume overload, such as mitral regurgitation and aortic or tricuspid regurgitation.
A)true
B)false

Answer 556

A

Question 557

The S3 is also found in high cardiac output states in the absence of heart disease, such as hyperthyroidism, anemia, and pregnancy. When the primary condition is corrected, the gallop disappears.
A)true
B)false

Answer 557

A

Question 558

Fourth Heart Sound
The S4 is a ventricular filling sound. It occurs when the atria contract late in diastole. It is heard immediately before S1. This is a very soft sound, of very low pitch. You need a good bell, and you must listen for it. S4 is heard best at the apex, with the person in left lateral position.
A)true
B)false

Answer 558

A

Question 559

A physiologic S4 may occur in adults older than 40 or 50 years with no evidence of cardiovascular disease, especially after exercise.
A)true
B)false

Answer 559

A

Question 560

A pathologic S4 is termed an atrial gallop or an S4 gallop. It occurs with decreased compliance of the ventricle (e.g., coronary artery disease, cardiomyopathy) and with systolic overload (afterload), including outflow obstruction to the ventricle (aortic stenosis) and systemic hypertension. A left-sided S4 occurs with these conditions. It is heard best at the apex, in the left lateral position.
A)true
B)false

Answer 560

A

Question 561

A right-sided S4 is less common. It is heard at the left lower sternal border and may increase with inspiration. It occurs with pulmonary stenosis or pulmonary hypertension
A)true
B)false

Answer 561

A

Question 562

When both the pathologic S3 and S1 are present, a quadruple rhythm is heard. Often, in cases of cardiac stress, one response is tachycardia. During rapid rates, the diastolic filling time shortens and the S3 and S4 move closer together. They sound superimposed in mid-diastole, and you hear one loud, prolonged, summated sound, often louder than either S1 or S2.
A)Summation Sound
B)cardiac arrest

Answer 562

A

Question 563

EXTRACARDIAC SOUNDS

Answer 563

,

Question 564

Inflammation of the pericardium gives rise to a friction rub. The sound is high pitched and scratchy, like sandpaper being rubbed. lt is best heard with the diaphragm, with the person sitting up and leaning forward, and with the breath held in expiration.
A)Pericardial Friction Rub
B)heart failure

Answer 564

A

Question 565

A friction rub can be heard any place on the precordium but usually is best heard at the apex and left lower sternal border, places where the pericardium comes in close contact with the chest wall. Timing may be systolic and diastolic. The friction rub of pericarditis is common during the 1st week after a myocardial infarction and may last only a few hours.
A)Pericardial Friction Rub
B)JVD

Answer 565

A

Question 566

After a MI what is common for a few hours
A)pericardial friction rub
B)heart failure

Answer 566

A

Question 567

Abnormal Pulsations on the Precordium

Answer 567

,

Question 568

A thrill in the second and third right interspaces occurs with severe aortic stenosis and systemic hypertension.
A)bash
B)apex

Answer 568

A

Question 569

A thrill in the second and third left interspaces occurs with pulmonic stenosis and pulmonic hypertension.
A)base
B)apex

Answer 569

A

Question 570

A lift (heave) occurs with right ventricular hypertrophy, as found in pulmonic valve disease, pulmonic hypertension, and chronic lung disease. You feel a diffuse lifting impulse during systole at the left lower sternal border. It may be associated with retraction at the apex because the left ventricle is rotated posteriorly by the enlarged right ventricle.
A)Left Sternal Border
B)base

Answer 570

A

Question 571

Cardiac enlargement displaces the apical impulse laterally and over a wider area when left ventricular hypertrophy and dilation are present. This is volume overload, as in mitral regurgitation, aortic regurgitation, and left-to-right shunts.
A)Apex
B)base

Answer 571

A

Question 572

The apical impulse is increased in force and duration but is not necessarily displaced to the left when left ventricular hypertrophy occurs alone without dilation. This is pressure overload, as found in aortic stenosis or systemic hypertension
A)apex
B)base

Answer 572

A

Question 573

Congenital Heart Defects

Answer 573

,

Question 574

Persistence of the channel joining left pulmonary artery to aorta. This is normal in the fetus and usually closes spontaneously within hours of birth.
S: Usually no symptoms in early childhood; growth and development are normal.
0 : Blood pressure has wide pulse pressure and bounding peripheral pulses from rapid runoff of blood into low-resistance pulmonary bed during diastole. Thrill often palpable at left upper sternal border. The continuous murmur heard in systole and diastole is called a machinery murmur.
A)Patent Ductus Arteriosus (PDA)
B)Atrial Septal Defect (ASD)

Answer 574

A

Question 575

Abnormal opening in the atrial septum, resulting usually in left-to-right shunt and causing large increase in pulmonary blood flow.
S: Defect is remarkably well tolerated. Symptoms in infants are rare; growth and development normal. Children and young adults have mild fatigue and DOE.
0: Sternal lift often present. S2 has fixed split, with P2 often louder than A2. Murmur is systolic, ejection, medium pitch, best heard at base in second left interspace. Murmur caused not by shunt itself but by increased blood flow through pulmonic valve.
A)Atrial Septal Defect (ASD)
B)Ventricular Septal Defect (VSD)

Answer 575

A

Question 576

Abnormal opening in septum between the ventricles, usually subaortic area. The size and exact position vary considerably.
S: Small defects are asymptomatic. Infants with large defects have poor growth, slow weight gain; later look pale, thin, delicate. May have feeding problems; DOE; frequent respiratory infections; and when the condition is severe, heart failure.
0: Loud, harsh holosystolic murmur, best heard at left lower sternal border, may be accompanied by thrill. Large defects also have soft diastolic murmur at apex (mitral flow murmur) due to increased blood flow through mitral valve.
A)Ventricular Septal Defect (VSD)
B)Tetralogy of Fallot

Answer 576

A

Question 577

Four components:
(I) right ventricular outflow stenosis,
(2) VSD,
(3) right ventricular hypertrophy, and
(4) overriding aorta. Result: shunts a lot of venous blood directly into aorta away from pulmonary system, so blood never gets oxygenated.
S: Severe cyanosis, not in first months of life but develops as infant grows and RV outflow (i.e., pulmonic) stenosis gets worse. Cyanosis with crying and exertion at first, then at rest. Uses squatting posture after starts walking. DOE common. Development is slowed.
0: Thrill palpable at left lower sternal border. S1 normal; S2 has A2 loud and P2 diminished or absent. Murmur is systolic, loud, crescendo-decrescendo.
A)Tetralogy of Fallot
B)Coarctation of the Aorta

Answer 577

A

Question 578

Severe narrowing of descending aorta, usually at the junction of the ductus arteriosus and the aortic arch, just distal to the origin of the left subclavian artery. Results in increased workload on left ventricle.
Associated with defects of aortic valve in most cases, as well as associated patent ductus arteriosus; and associated ventricular septal defect.
S: In infants with associated lesions or symptoms, diagnosis occurs in first few months as symptoms of heart fa ilure develop. For asymptomatic children and adolescents, growth and development are normal. Diagnosis usually incidental due to blood pressure findings. Adolescents may complain of vague lower extremity cramping that is worse with exercise.
0 : Upper extremity hypertension over 20 mm Hg higher than lower extremity measures is a hallmark of coarctation. Another important sign is absent or greatly diminished femoral pulses. A systolic murmur is heard best at the left sternal border, radiating to the back.
A)Coarctation of the Aorta
B)Aortic Stenosis

Answer 578

A

Question 579

Murmurs Due to Valvular Defects

Answer 579

,

Question 580

Midsystolic Ejection Murmurs
Due to forward flow through semilunar valves
A)true
B)false

Answer 580

A

Question 581

Calcification of aortic valve cusps restricts forward flow of blood during systole; LV hypertrophy develops.
S: Fatigue, DOE, palpitation, dizziness, fainting, anginal pain.
0: Pallor, slow diminished radial pulse, low blood pressure, and auscultatory gap are common. Apical impulse sustained and displaced to left. Thrill in systole over second and third right interspaces and right side of neck. S1 normal, often ejection click present, often paradoxical split S2, S4 present with LV hypertrophy.
Murmur: Loud, harsh, midsystolic, crescendodecrescendo, loudest at second right interspace, radiates widely to side of neck, down left sternal border, or apex.
A)Aortic Stenosis
B)Pulmonic Stenosis

Answer 581

A

Question 582

Calcification of pulmonic valve restricts forward flow of blood.
0: Thrill in systole at second and third left
interspace, ejection click often present after S.,
diminished s2 and usually with wide split, s4
common with RV hypertrophy.
Murmur: Systolic, medium pitch, coarse,
crescendo-decrescendo (diamond shape), best heard at second left interspace, radiates to the left and neck.
A)Pulmonic Stenosis
B)Tricuspid Regurgitation

Answer 582

A

Question 583

Pansystolic Regurgitant Murmurs
Due to backward flow of blood from area of higher pressure to one of lower pressure
A)true
B)false

Answer 583

A

Question 584

Stream of blood regurgitates back into LA during systole through incompetent mitral valve. In diastole, blood passes back into LV again along with new flow; results in LV dilation and hypertrophy.
S: Fatigue, palpitation, orthopnea, PND.
0: Thrill in systole at apex. Lift at apex. Apical
impulse displaced down and to left. S1
diminished, S2 accentuated, S3 at apex often
present.
Murmur: Pansystolic, often loud, blowing, best
heard at apex, radiates well to left axilla.
A)Mitral Regurgitation
B)Tricuspid Regurgitation

Answer 584

A

Question 585

Backflow of blood through incompetent tricuspid valve into RA.
0: Engorged pulsatjng neck veins, liver enlarged. Lift at sternum if RV hypertrophy present, often thrill at left lower sternal border.
Murmur: Soft, blowing, pansystolic, best heard
at left lower sternal border, increases with
inspiration.
A)Tricuspid Regurgitation
B)Aortic Regurgitation

Answer 585

A

Question 586

Early Diastolic Murmurs
Due to SL valve incompetence.
A)true
B)false

Answer 586

A

Question 587

Stream of blood regurgitates back through incompetent aortic valve into LV during diastole. LV dilation and hypertrophy due to increased LV stroke volume. Rapid ejection of large stroke volume into poorly filled aorta, then rapid runoff in diastole as part of blood pushed back into LV.
S: Only minor symptoms for many years, then
rapid deterioration: DOE, PND, angina,
dizziness
0: Bounding “water-hammer” pulse in carotid,
brachial, and femoral arteries. Blood pressure
has wide pulse pressure. Pulsations in cervical
and suprasternal area, apical impulse displaced to left and down, apical impulse feels brief.
Murmur starts almost simultaneously with S2:
soft high pitched, blowing diastolic,
decrescendo, best heard at third left interspace at base, as person sits up and leans forward, radiates down.
A)Aortic Regurgitation
B)Pulmonic Regurgitation

Answer 587

A

Question 588

Backflow of blood through incompetent pulmonic valve, from pulmonary artery to RV.
Murmur has same timing and characteristics as that of aortic regurgitation, and is hard to
distinguish on physical examination.
A)Pulmonic Regurgitation
B)Aortic Regurgitation

Answer 588

A

Question 589

Summary Checklist: Heart and Neck Vessels Exam

Answer 589

,

Question 590

Neck

1. Carotid pulse- Observe and palpate
2. Observe jugular venous pulse
3. Estimate jugular venous pressure

Precordium
Inspection and palpation
1. Describe location of apical impulse
2. Note any heave (lift) or thrill

Auscultation

1. Identify anatomic areas where you listen
2. Note rate and rhythm of heartbeat
3. Identify S, and S2 and note any variation
4. Listen in systole and diastole for any extra heart sounds
5. Listen in systole and diastole for any murmurs
6. Repeat sequence with bell
7. Listen at the apex with person in left lateral position
8. Listen at the base with person in sitting position

Answer 590

,

Question 592

the first heart sound is produced by the
A)closure of the AV valves
B)opening of the AV valves

Answer 592

A

Question 593

S3 heard with opening of the AV valves
A)true
B)false

Answer 593

A

Question 594

S2 is heard by closure of the SL valves
A)true
B)false

Answer 594

A

Question 595

S1 coincides with the carotid artery pluse
A)true
B)false

Answer 595

A

Question 596

an increase in cardiac volume and a decrease in blood pressure occurs during
A)pregnancy
B)adult

Answer 596

A

Question 597

which of the following is an appropriate position to have the patient assume when auscultating for extra heart sounds or murmurs
A)roll toward the left side
B)recumbent position

Answer 597

A

Question 598

the leaflets of the tricuspid and mitral valves are anchored by __________to the__________,which are embedded in the ventricular floor.
A)chordae tendineae, papillary muscles
B)none

Answer 598

A

Question 599

the ability of the heart to contract independently of any signal or stimulation is due to
A)automatically
B)conduction

Answer 599

A

Question 600

when auscultating the heart of a newborn within 24hrs after brith, the examiner hears a continuous sound that mimics the sound of a machine.this finding most likely indicates
A)an expected sound caused by non-closure of the ductus arteriosus
B)none

Answer 600

A

Question 601

the murmur of a patent ductus arteriosus is a continuos machinery murmur which disappears by 2-3 days of a new born
A)true
B)false

Answer 601

A

Question 602

a bruit heard while auscultating the carotid artery of a 65y/o pt is caused by
A)turbulent blood flow through the carotid artery
B)false

Answer 602

A

Question 603

the JVP is a indirect reflection of the
A)hearts efficiency as a pump
B)vena caava

Answer 603

A

Question 604

the SL valves separate the
A)ventricles from the arteries
B)none

Answer 604

A

Question 605

EXTRA INFORMATION

Answer 605

,

Question 606

Angina is temporary heart pain, resolving in less than 20 minutes. It can be aggravated by physical activity and stress, or there may be no triggers (unstable angina)
A)true
B)false

Answer 606

A

Question 607

Temporary heart pain, resolving in less than 20 minutes, aggravated by physical activity and stress is known as what?

Choose one of the following
A
Crushing
B
Musculoskeletal
C
Angina
D
Gastrointestinal

Answer 607

C

Question 608

A patient with dehydration or volume depletion has barely visible neck veins, even when lying flat. These are described as what?

Choose one of the following
A
Flat neck veins
B
Distended neck veins
C
Round neck veins
D
Invisible neck veins

Answer 608

A

Question 609

When educating a patient about healthy habits relating to cardiovascular health, it is important to include which of the following? Select all that apply.

Select all that apply:
A
Undergo regular cholesterol screening
B
Quit or do not start smoking
C
Eat a low-fat diet
D
Undergo regular screening for diabetes
E
Exercise regularly

Answer 609

A B C D E

Question 610

When auscultating a patient’s heart, the nurse hears both S3 and S4. What is this known as?

Choose one of the following
A
Summation gallop
B
Atrial kick
C
Diastolic clicks
D
Ejection clicks

Answer 610

A

Question 611

The nurse hears high-pitched swooshing sounds over the carotid artery on the right side. What is this sound indicative of?

Choose one of the following
A
Murmurs
B
Bruits
C
Gallops
D
Normal findings

Answer 611

B

Question 612

Where are the heart and great vessels located in the human body?

Choose one of the following
A
The mediastinum, between the lungs below the diaphragm
B
The mediastinum, between the lungs above the diaphragm
C
The peritoneum, above the diaphragm
D
The peritoneum, below the diaphragm

Answer 612

B

Question 613

Consuming more than two drinks of alcohol per day for men or one drink of alcohol per day for women can raise blood pressure and contribute to failure.

Choose one of the following
A
True
B
False

Answer 613

A

Question 614

Maternal blood volume increases during pregnancy. The volume may increase as much as __________% with a multiple pregnancy.
A)70
B)20

Answer 614

A

Question 615

How does the nurse differentiate a pleural friction rub from a pericardial friction rub?

Choose one of the following
A
Auscultate the base of the heart; if a rub is present, it is pericardial
B
Turn the patient on the right side; if the rub persists, it is pericardial
C
Have the patient hold his or her breath; if the rub persists, it is pericardial
D
Auscultate the upper back; if a rub is present, it is pleural

Answer 615

C

Question 616

Pericardial friction rubs can be differentiated from pleural friction rubs by having the patient hold the breath
A)true
B)false

Answer 616

A

Question 617

The cardiovascular system delivers oxygen and nutrients to the cells and tissues and returns waste products to the central circulation for excretion.

Choose one of the following
A
True
B
False

Answer 617

A

Question 618

A nurse receives a patient from the cardiac catheterization laboratory. The patient is on bed rest and has a weight on the puncture site of the right groin. What must the nurse assess for frequently? Select all that apply.

Select all that apply:
A
Increased blood pressure, which could cause excess bleeding or hematoma
B
Bleeding at the puncture site
C
Hematoma at the puncture site
D
Pulses distal to the puncture site

Answer 618

A B C D

Question 619

The top of the heart is referred to as the apex because it is broad; the bottom of the heart is referred to as the base.

Choose one of the following
A
True
B
False

Answer 619

B

Question 620

One of the most important lifestyle changes a patient can make to improve cardiovascular health is what?

Choose one of the following
A
Eating a diet high in fat
B
Living a more sedentary lifestyle
C
Getting less exercise and more rest
D
Quitting smoking

Answer 620

D

Question 621

The nurse positions the patient for auscultation of heart sounds. What does the nurse do first?

Choose one of the following
A
Warm the bell of the stethoscope
B
Clean the stethoscope
C
Wash the patient's chest
D
Auscultate the carotid arteries

Answer 621

B

Question 622

By what percent can patients reduce their risk of cardiac events the first year after quitting smoking?

Choose one of the following
A
50%
B
60%
C
40%
D
30%

Answer 622

A

Question 623

When S3 exists, it follows S2 and sounds like “lub dub-dub.” It usually is heard best in the base of the heart with the patient lying on the left side.

Choose one of the following
A
True
B
False

Answer 623

B

Question 624

What is the most important physical sign of acute pericarditis?

Choose one of the following
A
Murmur heard over the left sternal border
B
Elevated white cell count
C
Pericardial friction rub
D
Intense pain

Answer 624

C

Question 625

A patient complains of difficulty sleeping. He states he has to sit up with the help of several pillows and cannot breathe when lying flat. This patient has a condition known as what?

Choose one of the following
A
Tachypnea
B
Pneumonia
C
Orthopnea
D
Sleep apnea

Answer 625

C

Question 626

the AV valves separate the
A)atria and ventricles
B)none

Answer 626

A