Eyes Flashcards
EXTERNAL ANATOMY
.
The eye is the sensory organ of vision
A)true
B)false
True
More than half the neocortex is involved with processing visual information.
A)true
B)false
True
the eye is well protected by the bony orbital cavity, surrounded with a cushion of fat.
A)true
B)false
True
The eyelids are like two movable shades that further protect the eye from injury, strong light, and dust. The upper eyelid is the larger and more mobile one.
A)true
B)false
True
The _________are short hairs in double or triple rows that curve outward from the lid margins, filtering out dust and dirt.
A)eyelashes
B)eyelids
A
The __________ is the elliptical open space between the eyelids (Fig. 14-l). When closed, the lid margins approximate completely. When open, the upper lid covers part of the iris.
A)palpebral fissure
B)eyelashes
A
The ___________ is just at the limbus, the border between the cornea and sclera.
A)lower lid margin
B)upper lid margin
C)both a and b
A
The________ is the corner of the eye, the angle where the lids meet. At the inner canthus, the caruncle is a small, fleshy mass containing sebaceous glands.
A)eyelashes come together
B)canthus
B
The canthus is the corner of the eye, the angle where the lids meet. At the inner canthus, the__________ is a small, fleshy mass containing sebaceous glands.
A)caruncle
B)canthus
A
Within the upper lid, tarsal plates are strips of connective tissue that give it
A)shape
B)color
C)both a and b
A
The tarsal plates contain the__________ glands, modified sebaceous glands that secrete an oily lubricating material onto the lids. This stops the tears from overflowing and helps form an airtight seal when the lids are closed
A)lacrimal
B)meibomian
B
The exposed part of the eye has a transparent protective covering, the__________. The________—- is a thin mucous membrane folded like an envelope between the eyelids and the eyeball.
A)cornea
B)rentia
C)conjunctiva
C
The ___________ lines the lids and is clear, with many small blood vessels. It forms a deep recess and then folds back over the eye.
A)palpebral conjunctiva
B)cornea
C)cataracts
A
The ________ overlays the eyeball, with the white sclera showing through.
A)bulbar conjunctiva
B)sclera
C)both a and b
A
At the limbus, the conjunctiva merges with the_______-.
A)rentia
B)cornea
C)iris
B
The cornea covers and protects the
A)iris
B)pupil
C)both a and b
C
The lacrimal apparatus provides constant irrigation to keep the conjunctiva and cornea moist and lubricated. The ____________, in the upper outer corner over the eye, secretes tears. The tears wash across the eye and are drawn up evenly as the lid blinks.
A)lacrimal gland
B)cornea gland
C)canthus gland
A
The _____________ provides constant irrigation to keep the conjunctiva and cornea moist and lubricated. The lacrimal gland, in the upper outer corner over the eye, secretes tears. The tears wash across the eye and are drawn up evenly as the lid blinks
A)lacrimal apparatus
B)cornea apparatus
A
The tears drain into the_______, visible on the upper and lower lids at the inner canthus. The tears then drain into the nasolacrimal sac, through the one-half-inch-long nasolacrimal duct, and empty into the inferior meatus inside the nose. A tiny fold of mucous membrane prevents air from being forced up the nasolacrimal duct when the nose is blown.
A)puncta
B)cornea
C)sinus
A
Six muscles attach the eyeball to its orbit and serve to direct the eye to points of the person’s interest. These extraocular muscles give the eye both straight and rotary movement. The four straight, or rectus, muscles are the superior, inferior, lateral, and medial rectus muscles. The two slanting, or oblique, muscles are the superior and inferior muscles.
A)true
B)false
True
Each muscle is coordinated, or yoked, with one in the other eye. This ensures that when the two eyes move, their axes always remain parallel (called conjugate movement). Parallel axes are important because the human brain can tolerate seeing only one image.
A)true
B)false
True
Each muscle is coordinated, or yoked, with one in the other eye. This ensures that when the two eyes move, their axes always remain parallel called
A)conjugate movement
B)ocular movement
A
Movement of the ___________ is stimulated by three cranial nerves. Cranial nerve VI, the abducens nerve, innervates the lateral rectus muscle (which abducts the eye); cranial nerve IV, the trochlear nerve, innervates the superior oblique muscle; and cranial nerve III, the oculomotor nerve, innervates all the rest-the superior, inferior, and medial rectus and the inferior oblique muscles.
A)intraocular muscles
B)extraocular muscles
B
Movement of the extraocular muscles (Fig. 14-4, B) is stimulated by three cranial nerves. They are
A)Cranial nerve VI, cranial nerve IV, cranial nerve III,
B)cranial nerve 6, cranial nerve 3, cranial nerve 5
A
Cranial nerve VI,
A) the abducens nerve, innervates the lateral rectus muscle (which abducts the eye);
B)the trochlear nerve, innervates the superior oblique muscle;
C), the oculomotor nerve, innervates all the rest-the superior, inferior, and medial rectus and the inferior oblique muscles
D)all the above
A
); cranial nerve IV,
A)the trochlear nerve, innervates the superior oblique muscle;
B)the oculomotor nerve, innervates all the rest-the superior, inferior, and medial rectus and the inferior oblique muscles
C)both a and b
A
cranial nerve III,
A), the abducens nerve, innervates the lateral rectus muscle (which abducts the eye); inferior oblique muscles
B)the oculomotor nerve, innervates all the rest-the superior, inferior, and medial rectus and the inferior oblique muscles
C) both a and b
B
Note that the superior oblique muscle is located on the superior aspect of the eyeball, but when it contracts, it enables the person to look
A)upward and inward
B)downward and inward.
C)both a and b
B
INTERNAL ANATOMY
.
The eye is a sphere composed of three concentric coats:
A) (l) the outer fibrous sclera, (2) the middle vascular choroid, and (3) the inner nervous retina B)false only has 2 real concentric coats
A
Inside the retina is the transparent
A)vitreous body
B)aqueous body
A
The only parts accessible to examination are the
A)sclera anteriorly
B) retina through the ophthalmoscope
C)both a and b
C
The outer layer of the internal anatomy of the eye is
A)sclera
B)rentia
A
The___________ is a tough, protective, white covering. It is continuous anteriorly with the smooth, transparent cornea, which covers the iris and pupil.
A)sclera
B)rentia
A
The_______is part of the refracting media of the eye, bending incoming light rays so that they will be focused on the inner retina.
A)sclera
B)cornea
B
The________ is very sensitive to touch; contact with a wisp of cotton stimulates a blink in both eyes, called the corneal reflex. The trigeminal nerve (cranial nerve V) carries the afferent sensation into the brain, and the facial nerve (cranial nerve VII) carries the efferent message that stimulates the blink.
A)cornea
B)rentia
A
The trigeminal nerve (cranial nerve V)
A)carries the afferent sensation into the brain,
B) carries the efferent message that stimulates the blink.
A
the facial nerve (cranial nerve VII)
A)carries the efferent message that stimulates the blink.
B)carries the afferent message that stimulates the blink.
A
The middle layer of the internal anatomy
A) choroid
B) rentia
A
. The___________ has dark pigmentation to prevent light from reflecting internally and is heavily vascularized to deliver blood to the retina. Anteriorly, the_________ is continuous with the ciliary body and the iris.
A)choroid
B)rentia
C)sclera
A
The muscles of the _________ control the thickness of the lens.
A)ciliary body
B)iris
A
The________ functions as a diaphragm, varying the opening at its center, the pupil. This controls the amount of light admitted into the retina. The muscle fibers of the______ contract the pupil in bright light and to accommodate for near vision; they dilate the pupil in dim light and accommodate for far vision. The color of the______ varies from person to person.
A)choroid
B)iris
B
The muscle fibers of the iris contract the pupil
A)in bright light and to accommodate for near vision;
B) in dim light and accommodate for far vision.
A
The muscle fibers of the iris,they dilate the pupil
A)in bright light and to accommodate for near vision;
B)in dim light and accommodate for far vision.
B
The_______ is round and regular. Its size is determined by a balance between the parasympathetic and sympathetic chains of the autonomic nervous system. Stimulation of the parasympathetic branch, through cranial nerve lll, causes constriction of the________. Stimulation of the sympathetic branch dilates the_________ and elevates the eyelid. As mentioned earlier, the_________ size also reacts to the amount of ambient light and to accommodation, or focusing an object on the retina.
A)pupil
B)iris
A
Stimulation of the parasympathetic branch, through cranial nerve lll,
A) causes constriction of the pupil.
B)Stimulation of the sympathetic branch dilates the pupil and elevates the eyelid.
A
cranial nerve lll, Stimulation of the sympathetic branch
A) causes constriction of the pupil.
B)dilates the pupil and elevates the eyelid.
B
The \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ is a biconvex disc located just posterior to the pupil. The transparent\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ serves as a refracting medium, keeping a viewed object in continual focus on the retina. Its thickness is controlled by the ciliary body; the\_\_\_\_\_\_ bulges for focusing on near objects and flattens for far objects. A)lens B)pupil C)iris D)rentia
A
Its thickness is controlled by the ciliary body; the lens bulges for focusing
A)on near objects
B)flattens for far objects.
A
Its thickness is controlled by the ciliary body; the lens flattens for
A)far objects.
B)near objects.
C)both and b
A
The anterior chamber is posterior to the cornea and in front of the iris and lens.
A)true
B)false
True
The posterior chamber lies behind the iris to the sides of the lens.
A)true
B)false
True
These contain the clear, watery aqueous humor that is produced continually by the ciliary body. The continuous flow of fluid serves to deliver nutrients to the surrounding tissues and to drain metabolic wastes. Intraocular pressure is determined by a balance between the amount of aqueous produced and resistance to its outflow at the angle of the anterior chamber.
A)anterior chamber
B)posterior chamber
C)both a and b
C
Intraocular pressure is determined by a balance between the amount of aqueous produced and resistance to its outflow at the angle of the
A)anterior chamber.
B)posterior chamber.
C)both a and b
A
The internal anatomy of the inner layer of the eye
A)retina
B)choroid
C)sclera
A
The_______ is the visual receptive layer of the eye in which light waves are changed into nerve impulses. The_______ surrounds the soft, gelatinous vitreous humor. The______ structures viewed through the ophthalmoscope are the optic disc, the_______ vessels, the general background, and the macula
A)choroid
B)retina
C)sclera
B
The \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ is the area in which fibers from the retina converge to form the optic nerve. Located toward the nasal side of the retina, it has these characteristics: a color that varies from creamy yellow-orange to pink; a round or oval shape; margins that are distinct and sharply demarcated, especially on the temporal side; and a physiologic cup, the smaller circular area inside the disc where the blood vessels exit and enter. A)optic disc"blind spot" B)cornea C) creamy choroid D)all the above
A
The __________ normally include a paired artery and vein extending to each quadrant, growing progressively smaller in caliber as they reach the periphery. The arteries appear brighter red and narrower than the veins, and the arteries have a thin sliver of light on them (the arterial light reflex). The general background of the fundus varies in color, depending on the person’s skin color.
A)retinal vessels
B)sclera vessels
C)choroid vessels
A
The general background of the fundus varies in color, depending on the person’s skin color.
A)true
B)false
True
VISUAL PATHWAYS AND VISUAL FIELDS
.
Objects reflect light. The light rays are refracted through the transparent media (cornea, aqueous humor, lens, and vitreous body) and strike the retina.
A)true
B)false
True
The \_\_\_\_\_\_\_transforms the light stimulus into nerve impulses that are conducted through the optic nerve and the optic tract to the visual cortex of the occipital lobe. A)retina B)sclera C)choroid D)all the above
A
The image formed on the retina is upside down and reversed from its actual appearance in the outside world.
A)true
B)false
True
The image formed on the retina is upside down and reversed from its actual appearance in the outside world.That is, an object in the upper temporal visual field of the right eye reflects its image onto the lower nasal area of the retina.
A)true
B)false
True
All retinal fibers collect to form the optic nerve, but they maintain this same spatial arrangement, with nasal fibers running medially and temporal fibers running laterally.
A)true
B)false
True
nasal fibers running
A)medially
B)laterally.
A
temporal fibers running
A)medially
B)laterally.
B
At the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, nasal fibers (from both temporal visual fields) cross over. The left optic tract now has fibers from the left half of each retina, and the right optic tract contains fibers only from the right. Thus the right side of the brain looks at the left side of the world. A)optic brain B)optic chiasm C)optic disk D)all the above
B
VISUAL REFLEXES
.
The ____________ is the normal constriction of the pupils when bright light shines on the retina. It is a subcortical reflex arc (i.e., a person has no conscious control over it); the sensory afferent link is cranial nerve II (the optic nerve), and the motor efferent path is cranial III (the oculomotor nerve)
A)Pupillary Light Reflex
B)retinal light reflex
A
When one eye is exposed to bright light, a direct light reflex occurs (constriction of that pupil) as well as a consensual light reflex (simultaneous constriction of the other pupil). This happens because the optic nerve carries the sensory afferent message in and then synapses with both sides of the brain.
A)true
B)false
True
a direct light reflex occurs (constriction of that pupil) as well as a consensual light reflex (simultaneous constriction of the other pupil).
A)true
B)false
True
For example, consider the light reflex in a person who is blind in one eye. Stimulation of the normal eye produces both a direct and a consensual light reflex. Stimulation of the blind eye causes no response because the sensory afferent in cranial nerve II is destroyed.
A)true
B)false
True
This is a reflex direction of the eye toward an object attracting a person’s attention. The image is fixed in the center of the visual field, the fovea centralis. This consists of very rapid ocular movements to put the target back on the fovea and somewhat slower (smooth pursuit) movements to track the target and keep its image on the fovea. These ocular movements are impaired by drugs, alcohol, fatigue, and inattention
A)fixation
B)accommodation
C)both a and b
A
This is adaptation of the eye for near vision. It is accomplished by increasing the curvature of the lens through movement of the ciliary muscles. Although the lens cannot be observed directly, the components of____________ that can be observed are convergence (motion toward) of the axes of the eyeballs and pupillary constriction
A)fixation
B)accommodation
B
DEVELOPMENTAL COMPETENCE
Infants and Children
.
At birth, eye function is limited, but it matures fully during the early years. Peripheral vision is intact in the newborn infant.
A)true
B)false
True
The macula, the area of keenest vision, is absent at birth but is developing by 4 months and is mature by 8 months. Eye movements may be poorly coordinated at birth.
A)true
B)false
True
By 3 to 4 months of age, the infant establishes binocularity and can fixate on a single image with both eyes simultaneously.
A)true
B)false
True
Most neonates (80%) are born farsighted; this gradually decreases after 7 to 8 years of age. A)true B)false
True
In structure, the eyeball reaches adult size by 8 years.
A)true
B)flase
True
At birth, the iris shows little pigment and the pupils are small. The lens is nearly spherical at birth, growing flatter throughout life. Its consistency changes from that of soft plastic at birth to rigid glass in old age.
A)true
B)false
True
Developmental Competence
The Aging Adult
.
Changes in eye structure contribute greatly to the distinct facial changes of the aging person.
A)true
B)false
True
The skin loses its elasticity, causing wrinkling and drooping; fat tissues and muscles atrophy; and the external eye structures appear as on p. 306.
A)true
B)false
True
Lacrimal glands involute, causing decreased tear production and a feeling of dryness and burning.
A)true
B)false
True
Pupil size decreases. The lens loses elasticity, becoming hard and glasslike. This glasslike quality decreases the lens’s ability to change shape to accommodate for near vision; this condition is termed presbyopia.
A) true
B) false
True
By 40 years of age, 50% of people have presbyopia.
A)true
B)false
True
By 70 years of age, the normally transparent fibers of the lens begin to thicken and yellow; this is the beginning of a senile cataract.
A)true
B)false
True
Inside the globe, floaters appear in the vitreous as a result of debris that accumulates because the vitreous is not renewed as continuously as the aqueous humor.
A)true
B)false
True
Visual acuity may diminish gradually after 50 years of age, and even more so after 70 years.
A)true
B)false
True
Near vision is commonly affected because of the decreased power of accommodation in the lens (presbyopia).
A)true
B)false
True
In the early 40s, a person may have blurred vision and difficulty reading.
A)true
B)false
True
Also, the aging person needs more light to see because of a decreased adaptation to darkness, and this condition may affect the function of night driving.
A)true
B)flase
True
In older adults, the most common causes of decreased visual functioning are:
.
Cataract formation, or lens opacity, resulting from a clumping of proteins in the lens. Some cataract formation should be expected by age 70 years. Studies indicate that 46% of people ages 75 to 85 years have cataracts.
A)true
B)false
True
- Glaucoma, or increased intraocular pressure. The incidence increases with age to 7.2% at ages 75 to 85 years, affecting men at higher rates than women. Chronic open angle glaucoma is the most common type; it involves a gradual loss of peripheral vision.
A)true
B)flase
True
- Macular degeneration, or the breakdown of cells in the macula of the retina. Loss of central vision, the area of clearest vision, is the most common cause of blindness. It affects 28% of those ages 75 to 85 years, with women affected more often than men.With this, the person is unable to read fine print, sew, or do fine work and may have difficulty distinguishing faces. Depending on how much the lifestyle is oriented around activities requiring close work, loss of central vision may cause great distress. Peripheral vision is not affected, so the person can manage self-care and will not become completely disabled.
A)true
B)false
True
CULTURE AND GENETICS
.
Racial differences are evident in the palpebral fissures.
A)true
B)false
True
Persons of Asian origin are often identified by their characteristic eyes,
A)true
B)false
True
whereas the presence of narrowed palpebral fissures in non-Asian individuals may be diagnostic of a serious congenital anomaly, Down syndrome
A)true
B)false
True
Culturally based variability exists in the color of the iris and in retinal pigmentation, with darker irides having darker retinas behind them.
A)true
B) false
True
Individuals with light retinas generally have better night vision but can have pain in an environment that has too much light
A)true
B)flase
True
Primary open-angle glaucoma affects Blacks three to six times more often than whites and is six times more likely to cause blindness in Blacks than in whites.Reasons for this are not known.
A)true
B)flase
True
The percent of adults 18 years of age and older reporting visual limitations and trouble seeing with glasses in 2006 was the highest,
16.7%, among American Indians and Alaska natives;
African Americans I 0.4%; and
whites 9.5%.
Poverty is also an extenuating factor in this problem; 26.4% of the population living within poverty levels report this.
A)true
B)false
True
In whites older than 40 years, the leading cause of blindness is age-related macular degeneration (54%), followed by cataracts (9%).” In Blacks older than 40 years, cataracts and open-angle glaucoma together cause 60% of blindness. In Hispanics older than 40 years, the leading cause of blindness is open-angle glaucoma.
A)true
B)false
True
In Blacks older than 40 years, cataracts and open-angle glaucoma together cause 60% of blindness.
A)true
B)false
True
In Hispanics older than 40 years, the leading cause of blindness is open-angle glaucoma.
A)true
B)false
True
SUBJECTIVE DATA
.
- Vision difficulty (decreased acuity, blurring, blind spots)
- Pain
- Strabismus, diplopia
- Redness, swelling
- Watering, discharge
- History of ocular problems
- Glaucoma
- Use of glasses or contact lenses
- Self-care behaviors
Are all what data
A)objective data
B)subjective data
B
Do spots move in front of your eyes? One or many? In one or both eyes?
A)Floaters are common with myopia or after middle age due to condensed Yitreous fibers. Usually not significant, but acute onset of floaters (“shade” or “cobwebs”) occurs with retinal detachment
B)Halos around lights occur with acute narrow-angle glaucoma.
A
Any halos/rainbows around objects? Or rings around lights?
A)Halos around lights occur with acute narrow-angle glaucoma.
B)Scotoma, a blind spot surrounded by an area of normal or decreased Yision, occurs with glaucoma, with optic nerve disorders.
A
Any blind spot? Does it move as you shift your gaze? Any loss of peripheral vision?
A)Scotoma, a blind spot surrounded by an area of normal or decreased Yision, occurs with glaucoma, with optic nerve disorders.
B)Night blindness occurs with optic atrophy, glaucoma, or vitamin A deficiency.
A
Any night blindness?
A)Night blindness occurs with optic atrophy, glaucoma, or vitamin A deficiency.
B)Halos around lights occur with acute narrow-angle glaucoma.
A
Any eye pain? Please describe. • Come on suddenly?
A)Sudden onset of eye symptoms (pain, floaters, blind spot, loss of peripheral vision) is an emergency. Refer immediately.
B)Quality is valuable in diagnosis. Photophobia is the inability to tolerate
A
Quality-a burning or itching? Or sharp, stabbing pain? Pain with bright light?
A)Quality is valuable in diagnosis. Photophobia is the inability to tolerate
B)Note: Some common eye diseases cause no pain (e.g., cataract, glaucoma).
A
A foreign body sensation? Or deep aching? Or headache in brow area?
A)Note: Some common eye diseases cause no pain (e.g., cataract, glaucoma).
B)none
A
Strabismus, diplopia. Any history of crossed eyes? Now or in the past? Does this occur with eye fatigue?
A)Strabismus is a deviation in the axis of the eye
B)Ever see double? Constant, or does it come and go? In one eye or both?
A
Ever see double? Constant, or does it come and go? In one eye or both?
A)Diplopia is the perception of two images of a single object.
B)infections
A
Redness, swelling. Any redness or swelling in the eyes?
A)infections may be present
B)normal signss
A
Watering, discharge. Any watering or excessive tearing?
A)Lacrimation (tearing) and epiphora (excessive tearing) are due to irritants or obstruction in drainage of tears.
B)hygiene
A
Any discharge? Any matter in the eyes? Is it hard to open your eyes in the morning? What color is the discharge?
A)Purulent discharge is thick and yellow. Crusts form at night.
B)none
A
How do you remove matter from your eyes?
A)Assess hygiene practices and knowledge of crosscontamination.
B)no contamination
A
Past history of ocular problems. Any history of injury or surgery to eye? Or any history of allergies?
A)Allergens cause irritation of conjunctiva or cornea (e.g., makeup, contact lens solution).
B)none
A
Glaucoma. Ever been tested for glaucoma? Results?
A)Glaucoma is characterized by increased intraocular pressure.
B)If you wear contact lenses, are there any problems such as pain, photophobia, watering, or swelling?
A
If you wear contact lenses, are there any problems such as pain, photophobia, watering, or swelling?
A)assess irritation,allergic reaction and infection
B)don’t assess
A
Any environmental conditions at home or at work that may affect your eyes? For example, flying sparks, metal bits, smoke, dust, chemical fumes? If so, do you wear goggles to protect your eyes?
A)Work-related eye disease (e.g., an auto mechanic with a foreign body from metal working or radiation damage from welding).
B)none
A
Last vision test? Ever tested for color vision?
A)Self-care behaviors for eyes and vision.
B)What medications are you taking? Systemic or topical? Do you take any medication specifically for the eyes?
A
What medications are you taking? Systemic or topical? Do you take any medication specifically for the eyes?
A)Some medications affect the eyes (e.g., prednisone may cause cataracts or increased intraocular pressure).
B)A constant spatial layout eases navigation through the home.
A
Do you maintain your living environment the same?
A)A constant spatial layout eases navigation through the home.
B)none
A
Additional History for Infants and Children
.
Any vaginal infections in the mother at time of delivery?
A)Genital herpes and gonorrhea vaginitis have ocular sequelae for the newborn.
B)The parent is most often the one to detect vision problems.
A
Considering age of child, which developmental milestones of vision have you (parent) noted?
A)The parent is most often the one to detect vision problems.
B)none
A
Are you (parent) aware of safety measures to protect child's eyes from trauma? Do you inspect toys? Have you taught the child safe care of sharp objects and how to carry and how to use them? A)assess safety prevention B)none
A
Additional History for the Aging Adult
.
Have you noticed any visual difficulty with climbing stairs or driving? Any problem with night vision?
A)Any loss of depth perception or central vision.
B)none
A
When was the last time you were tested for glaucoma? Any acning pain around eyes? Any loss of peripheral vision? • If you have glaucoma, how do you manage your eyedrops?
A)Compliance may be a problem if symptoms are absent. Assess ability to administer eyedrops.
B)Decreased tear production may occur with aging.
A
Is there a history of cataracts? Any loss or progressive blurring of vision?
A)assessing eyes
B)none
A
Do your eyes ever feel dry? Burning? What do you do for this?
A)Decreased tear production may occur with aging.
B)Macular degeneration causes a loss in central vision acuity.
A
Any decrease in usual activities, such as reading or sewing?
A)Macular degeneration causes a loss in central vision acuity.
B)none
A
OBJECTIVE DATA
.
Position the person standing for vision screening; then sitting up with the head at your eye level.
A)true
B)false
A
Snellen Eye Chart
.
The _______ is the most commonly used and accurate measure of visual acuity. It has lines of letters arranged in decreasing size.
A)Snellen alphabet chart
B)kardex
A
Place the _________ in a well-lit spot at eye level. Position the person on a mark exactly 20 feet from the chart. Hand over an opaque card with which to shield one eye at a time during the test; inadvertent peeking may result
A)Eye chart
B)Snellen alphabet chart
C)both a and b
B
Abnormal finding during a Snellen Eye Chart reading would be? A)hesitancy B) squinting, leaning forward C)misreading letters D)all the above
D
Indicate whether the person missed any letters or if corrective lenses were worn-for example, “Right 20/30- 1, with glasses.” That is, the right eye scored 20/30, missing one letter.
A)Snellen Eye Chart
B)correct
A
Normal visual acuity is 20/20. Contrary to some people’s impression, the numeric fraction is not a percentage of normal vision. Instead, the top number (numerator) indicates the distance the person is standing from the chart, and the denominator gives the distance at which a normal eye could have read that particular line. Thus ‘‘20/30” means, “You can read at 20 feet what the normal eye can see from 30 feet away.”
A)true
B) false
True
the top number (numerator) indicates the
A)distance the person is standing from the chart,
B) distance at which a normal eye could have read that particular line
A
the denominator gives the
A)distance at which a normal eye could have read that particular line.
B) distance the person is standing from the chart,
A
'’20/30” means, “You can read at 20 feet what the normal eye can see from 30 feet away.”
A)true
B)false
True
The larger the denominator, the poorer the vision. If vision is poorer than 20/30, refer to an ophthalmologist or optometrist. Impaired vision may be due to refractive error, opacity in the media (cornea, lens, vitreous), or disorder in the retina or optic pathway.
A)true
B)false
True
The larger the denominator, the poorer the vision. If vision is poorer than 20/30,the nurse knows that the patient will eventually have to see a
A)ophthalmologist
B)optometrist
C)both a and b
C
Impaired vision may be due to which of the following?
A)refractive error, opacity in the media (cornea, lens, vitreous)
B)disorder in the retina or optic pathway
C)both a and b
C
If the person is unable to see even the largest letters, shorten the distance to the chart until it is seen and record that distance (e.g.,” 10/200”). If visual acuity is even lower, assess whether the person can count your fingers when they are spread in front of the eyes or distinguish light perception from your penlight.
A)true
B)false
True
If visual acuity is even lower, the nurse should
A)assess whether the patient can count your fingers when they are spread in front of the eyes or distinguish light perception from your penlight
B)None
A
Near Vision
.
For people older than 40 years or for those who report increasing difficulty reading, test near vision with a handheld vision screener with various sizes of print (e.g., a Jaeger card). Hold the card in good light about 35 cm (14 inches) from the eye-this distance equals the print size on the 20-foot chart. Test each eye separately, with glasses on. A normal result is “14/14” in each eye, read without hesitancy and without moving the card closer or farther away. When no vision screening card is available, ask the person to read from a magazine or newspaper.
A)true
B)false
True
Presbyopia, the decrease in power of accommodation with aging, is suggested when the person moves the card farther away
A) true
B)false
True
The nurse is testing an older adult for near vision the nurse knows when the patient moves the card farther away. Which of the following would be suggested
A)cataracts
B)presbyopia
C)glaucoma
B
Confrontation Test
.
This is a gross measure of peripheral vision. It compares the person’s peripheral vision with your own, assuming yours is normal. Position yourself at eye level with the person, about 2 feet away. Direct the person to cover one eye with an opaque card, and with the other eye to look straight at you. Cover your own eye opposite to the person’s covered one. You are testing the uncovered eye. Hold a pencil or your flicking finger as a target midline between you and slowly advance it in from the periphery in several directions
A)Confrontation Test
B)accommodation test
A
Ask the person to say “now” as the target is first seen; this should be just as you see the object also. (This works with all but the temporal visual field, with which you would need a 6-foot arm to avoid being seen initially! With the temporal direction, start the object somewhat behind the person.) Estimate the angle between the anteroposterior axis of the eye and the peripheral axis where the object is first seen. Normal results are about 50 degrees upward, 90 degrees temporally, 70 degrees down, and 60 degrees nasally
A)true
B)false
True
the temporal visual field, with which you would need a 6-foot arm to avoid being seen initially! With the temporal direction the nurse would start the object A)somewhat behind the person B)in front of the person C)both a and b D)at the angle of the nasal
A
If the person is unable to see the object as the examiner does, the test suggests peripheral field loss. In an older adult, this screens for glaucoma. Refer to a specialist for more precise testing.
A)glaucoma vision test
B)Confrontation Test
B
If the person is unable to see the object as the examiner does, the test suggests peripheral field loss.
A)Confrontation Test
B)accommodation test
A
. In an older adult, this screens for glaucoma.
A)accommodation test
B)Confrontation Test
B
Acutely diminished visual fields occur with diseases of the retina and stroke.
A)true
B)false
True
Range of peripheral vision
Confrontation Test
.
Normal results of the Confrontation Test is, select all that apply
A)50 degrees superiorly
B)90 degrees Temporally anterior posterior of axis of the eye
C)70 degrees inferiorly
D)60 degrees nasally
A B C D
INSPECT EXTRAOCULAR MUSCLE FUNCTION
.
Corneal Light Reflex (The Hirschberg Test)
.
Assess the parallel alignment of the eye axes by shining a light toward the person’s eyes. Direct the person to stare straight ahead as you hold the light about 30 cm ( 12 inches) away. Note the reflection of the light on the corneas; it should be in exactly the same spot on each eye. See the bright white dots for symmetry of the corneal light reflex. This test is called?
A)The Hirschberg Test
B)Corneal Light Reflex
C)both a and b
C
Asymmetry of the light reflex indicates deviation in alignment from eye muscle weakness or paralysis. If you see this, perform the cover test
A)true
B)flase
True
Perform cover test after the The Hirschberg Test) if the patient
A)Asymmetry of the light reflex indicates deviation in alignment from eye muscle weakness or paralysis
B)none
A
Cover Test
.
This test detects small degrees of deviated alignment by interrupting the fusion reflex that normally keeps the two eyes parallel. Ask the person to stare straight ahead at your nose even though the gaze may be interrupted. With an opaque card, cover one eye. As it is covered, note the uncovered eye. A normal response is a steady fixed gaze
A)The Hirschberg Test
B)Cover test
B
If the eye jumps to fixate on the designated point, doing the cover test then A)it was out of alignment before B)it was out of pupillary reflex C)it show sluggish perla D)all the above
A
During the cover test the macular image has been suppressed on the covered eye. If muscle weakness exists, the covered eye will
A) drift into a relaxed position.
B)remain open on to fixation
A
Now uncover the eye and observe it for movement. It should stare straight ahead (Fig. 14-13, B). If it jumps to re-establish fixation, eye muscle weakness exists. Repeat with the other eye.
A)negative cover test
B)positive cover test
A
A ___________ is a mild weakness noted only when fusion is blocked.
A)Phoria
B)Tropia
A
________ is more severe-a constant malalignment of the eyes
A)Phoria
B)Tropia
B
Diagnostic Positions Test
.
Leading the eyes through the six cardinal positions of gaze will elicit any muscle weakness during movement (Fig. 14-14). Ask the person to hold the head steady and to follow the movement of your finger, pen, or penlight only with the eyes. Hold the target back about 12 inches so the person can focus on it comfortably, and move it to each of the six positions, hold it momentarily, then back to center. Progress clockwise. A normal response is parallel tracking of the object with both eyes.
A)cover test
B)Diagnostic Positions Test
B
Eye movement is not parallel. Failure to follow in a certain direction indicates weakness of an extraocular muscle (EOM) or dysfunction of cranial nerve innervating it. A)negative cover test B)negative Diagnostic Positions Test C)positive cover test D)positive Diagnostic Positions Test
D
In addition to parallel movement, note any nystagmus-a fine, oscillating movement best seen around the iris. Mild nystagmus at an extreme lateral gaze is normal; nystagmus at any other position is not.
A)true
B)flase
True
The nurse notes, nystagmus-a fine, oscillating movement best seen around the iris, but it is a Mild nystagmus at an extreme lateral gaze is
A)normal; nystagmus at any other position is not.
B)not normal report it to the MD
A
A patient has nystagmus at medial border is that normal.
A)no the nurse needs to report it to the physician
B)yes perfectly normal for a patient
A
Nystagmus occurs with disease of the semicircular canals in the ears, a paretic eye muscle, multiple sclerosis, or brain lesions.
A)true
B)false
True
Nystagmus occurs with disease of the?select all that apply A) semicircular canals in the ears B) a paretic eye muscle C)multiple sclerosis D)brain lesions.
A B C D
Rapid involuntary movements of the eye is called.
A)nystagmus
B)glaucoma
A
Finally, note that lhe upper eyelid continues to overlap the superior part of the iris, even during downward movement. You should not see a white rim of sclera between the lid and the iris. If noted, this is termed “lid lag.”
A)true
B)false
True
Finally, note that the upper eyelid continues to overlap the superior part of the iris, even during downward movement.
A)normal finding
B)abnormal finding
“
A
The nurse notice a white rim of sclera between the lid and the iris of a patient.The nurse knows that this is termed is called
A)lid lag.
B)sclera lag
A
Lid lag occurs with
A)hypothyroidism
B)hyperthyroidism
C)both a and b
B
INSPECT EXTERNAL OCULAR STRUCTURES
.
Begin with the most external points, and logically work your way inward
A)true
B)false
True
General
.
a relaxed expression accompanies adequate vision.
A)true
B)false
True
Squinting or craning forward
A)abnormal finding
B)normal finding
A
Eyebrows
.
Look for symmetry between the two eyes. Normally the eyebrows are present bilaterally, move symmetrically as the facial expression changes, and have no scaling or lesions
A)true
B)false
True
Unequal or absent movement with nerve damage.
A)abnormal finding with the eyebrows
B)normal finding with the eyebrows
A
Scaling with seborrhea.
A)abnormal finding with the eyebrows
B)abnormal finding with the eye lashes
A
Eyelids and lashes
.
The upper lids normally overlap the superior part of the iris and approximate completely with the lower lids when closed. The skin is intact without redness, swelling, discharge, or lesions
A)normal finding of eyelids and lashes
B)normal findings of eyebrows
A
Lid lag with hyperthyroidism. Incomplete closure creates risk for corneal damage.
A)abnormal finding of eyelids and lashes
B)abnormal finding of eyebrows
A
The palpebral fissures are horizontal in non-Asians,
A)true
B)false
True
whereas Asians normally have an upward slant.
A)true
B)false
True
Ptosis, drooping of upper lid.
A)abnormal finding of the eyelids and lashes
B)normal finding
A
Periorbital edema, lesions
A)abnormal finding of the eyelids and lashes
B)normal finding
A
Note that the eyelashes are evenly distributed along the lid margins and curve outward.
A)true
B)false
True
A condition, typically a consequence of advanced age in which the eyelid is turned outward away from the eyeball?
A)ectropion
B)lentropion
A
A condition in which the eyelid is rolled inward against the eyeball typically caused by muscle spasm or by inflammation or scaring of the conjunctiva and resulting in irritation of the eye by the lashes
A)ectropion
B)entropion
B
Eyeballs
.
The eyeballs are aligned normally in their sockets with no protrusion or sunken appearance.
A)true
B)false
True
What race, normally may have a slight protrusion of the eyeball beyond the supraorbital ridge. A)Asian Americans B)Hispanic American C)Caucasian American D)African American
D
Exophthalmos
A)(protruding eyes)
B) (sunken eyes)
A
enophthalmos
A)(protruding eyes)
B)(sunken eyes)
.
Conjunctiva and Sclera
.
Ask the person to look up. Using your thumbs, slide the lower lids down along the bony orbital rim. Take care not to push against the eyeball. Inspect the exposed area (Fig. 14-16). The eyeball looks moist and glossy. Numerous small blood vessels normally show through the transparent conjunctiva. Otherwise, the conjunctivae are clear and show the normal color of the structure below pink over the lower lids and white over the sclera. Note any color change, swelling, or lesions.
A)checking the conjunctiva
B)checking the sclera
A
General reddening (see Table 14-6, Vascular Disorders). Cyanosis of the lower lids. Pallor near the outer canthus of the lower lid may indicate anemia {the inner canthus normally contains less pigment).
A)abnormal finding of the conjunctiva
B)abnormal finding of the sclera
A
The________ is china white, although African Americans occasionally have a gray-blue or “muddy” color to the sclera. Also in dark-skinned people, you normally may see small brown macules (like freckles) on the________, which should not be confused with foreign bodies or petechiae. Last, African Americans may have yellowish fatty deposits beneath the lids away from the cornea. Do not confuse these yellow spots with the overall scleral yellowing that accompanies jaundice.
A)conjunctiva
B)sclera
B
What race, occasionally have a gray-blue or “muddy” color to the sclera. Also in _____________, you normally may see small brown macules (like freckles) on the sclera, which should not be confused with foreign bodies or petechiae. Last, _____________ may have yellowish fatty deposits beneath the lids away from the cornea. Do not confuse these yellow spots with the overall scleral yellowing that accompanies jaundice. The nurse knows this is normal for what race.
A)Asian Americans
B)African American
C)Caucasian American
B
is an even yellowing of the sclera extending up to the cornea, indicating jaundice. The nurse knows that this could be do to which of the following
A)Scleral icterus
B)jaundic
A
Tenderness, foreign body, discharge, or lesions.
A)abnormal findings of the sclera
B)abnormal findings of the conjunctiva
A
Eversion of the Upper Lid
.
This maneuver is not part of the normal examination, but it is useful when you must inspect the conjunctiva of the upper lid, as with eye pain or suspicion of a foreign body. Most people are apprehensive of any eye manipulation. Enhance their cooperation by using a calm and gentle, yet deliberate, approach
A) eversion of the upper eyelid
B) inversion of the upper eyelid
A
- Ask the person to keep both eyes open and look down. This relaxes the eyelid, whereas closing it would tense the orbicularis muscle.
- Slide the upper lid up along tl1e bony orbit to lift up the eyelashes.
- Grasp the lashes benveen your thumb and forefinger and gently pull down and outward.
- With your other hand, place the tip of an applicator stick on the upper lid above the level of the internal tarsal plates
- Gently push down with the stick as you lift the lashes up. This uses the edge of the tarsal plate as a fulcrum and flips the lid inside out. Take special care not to push in on tl1e eyeball. 6. Secure the everted position by holding the lashes against the bony orbital rim
7.Inspect for any color change, swelling, lesion, or foreign body. - To return to normal position, gently pull the lashes out\vard as the person looks up.
A)steps to inversion of the upper eyelid
B)steps to eversion of the upper eyelid
B
Lacrimal Apparatus
.
Ask the person to look down. With your thumbs, slide the outer part of the upper lid up along the bony orbit to expose under the lid. Inspect for any redness or swelling. The nurse is inspecting?
A)Lacrimal Apparatus
B)upper eyelids
A
The nurse knows that Swelling of the lacrimal gland may show as a
A)visible bulge in the outer part of the upper lid
B) visible bulge in the inner part of the lower lid.
A
Normally the puncta drain the tears in to the lacrimal sac. Presence of excessive tearing may indicate blockage of the nasolacrimal duct. Check this by pressing the index finger against the sac, just inside the lower orbital rim, not against the side of the nose (Fig. 14-18). Pressure will slightly evert the lower lid, but there should be no other response to pressure.
A)true
B)false
True
Normally the puncta drain the tears in to the
A)lacrimal sac
B)sclera
C)both a and b
A
Normally the puncta drain the tears in to the lacrimal sac. Presence of excessive tearing may indicate blockage of the
A)nasolacrimal duct.
B)lacrimaltemperal duct
A
Normally the puncta drain the tears in to the lacrimal sac. Presence of excessive tearing may indicate blockage of the nasolacrimal duct. So the nurses would?
A)Check this by pressing the index finger against the sac, just inside the lower orbital rim, not against the side of the nose. Pressure will slightly evert the lower lid, but there should be no other response to pressure.
B)false
A
Puncta red, swollen, tender to pressure. Watch for any regurgitation of fluid out of the puncta, which confirms duct blockage.
A)abnormal fringing of lacrimal apparatus
B)abnormal finding of the sclera
A
A small distinct point opening into the tear duct
A)sclera
B)Puncta
C)both a and b
B
INSPECT ANTERIOR EYEBALL STRUCTURES
.
Cornea and Lens
.
Shine a light from the side across the cornea, and check for smoothness and clarity. This oblique view highlights any abnormal irregularities in the corneal surface. There should be no opacities (cloudiness) in the cornea, the anterior chamber, or the lens behind the pupil. Do not confuse an arcus senilis with an opacity. The arcus senilis is a normal finding in aging persons.
A)true
B)false
True
The arcus senilis is a normal finding in
A)young adult
B)aging persons
B
an opaque ring, gray to white in color, that surrounds the periphery of the cornea. It is caused by deposits of cholesterol in the cornea or hyaline degeneration and occurs primarily in older persons. A)arcus senilis B)glaucoma C) cataracts D)all the above
A
A corneal abrasion causes
A)irregular ridges in reflected light, producing a shattered look to light rays
B)hemorrhageing
A
Iris and Pupil
.
The iris normally appears flat, with a round regular shape and even coloration.
A)true
B)false
True
Note the size, shape, and equality of the pupils. Normally the pupils appear round, regular, and of equal size in both eyes. In the adult, resting size is from 3 to 5 mm.
A)true
B)false
True
A small number of people (5%) normally have pupils of two different sizes, which is termed A)anisocoria
B)bilateral puplipus
C)both a and b
A
Normally the pupils appear round, regular, and of equal size in both eyes. In the adult, resting size is from
A)4 to 6mm
B)3 to 5 mm
C)2 to 4 mm
B
Irregular shape. Although they may be normal, all unequal-size pupils call for a consideration of central nervous system injury.
A)abnormal findings of pupil
B)normal findings of pupils
A
To test the pupillary light reflex, the nurse should
A)darken the room and ask the person to gaze into the distance. (This dilates the pupils.) Advance a light in from the side* and note the response.
B)brighten the room and wear sun glasses to test the pupils
A
Normally you will see what action doing a pupillary light reflex
A)constriction of the same-sided pupil (a direct light reflex)
B)simultaneous constriction of the other pupil (a consensual light reflex).
C)Both a and b
C
Dilated pupils. Dilated and fixed pupils. Constricted pupils. Unequal or no response to light.
A)abnormal finding of pupillary light reflex
B)normal finding of pupillary light reflex
A
Always In the acute care setting, gauge the pupil size in millimeters, both before and after the light reflex. Recording the pupil size in millimeters is more accurate when many nurses and physicians care for the same person or when small changes may be significant signs of increasing intracranial pressure. Normally, the resting size is 3, 4, or 5 mm and decreases equally in response to light.
A)true
B)false
True
Normally, the resting size is 3, 4, or 5 mm and decreases equally in response to light.
A)true
B)false
True
Always advance the light in from the side to test the light reflex. If you advance from the front, the pupils will constrict to accommodate for near vision. Thus you do not know what the pure response to the light would have been.
A)true
B)false
True
A normal response is recorded as: This indicates that both pupils measure 3 mm in the resting state and that both constrict to 1 mm in response to light. A graduated scale printed on a handheld vision screener or taped onto a tongue blade facilitates your measurement
A)true
B)false
True
Test for______________ by asking the person to focus on a distant object. This process dilates the pupils. Then have the person shift the gaze to a near object, such as your finger held about 7 to 8 cm (3 inches) from the Abnormal Findings person’s nose. A normal response includes (1) pupillary constriction and (2)convergence of the axes of the eyes.
A)accommodation
B)pupillary
A
Absence of constriction or covergence. Asymmetric response. Is an?
A)abnormal finding in the test of accommodation
B)normal finding
A
Far vision the pupils will?
A)dilate
B)pupils constrict
A
Near vision the pupils will
A)constrict
B)dilate
A
Record the normal response to all these maneuvers as
A)PERRLA.
B)accommodation
C)both a and b
A
Record the normal response to all these maneuvers as PERRLA, or
A)Pupils Equal, Round, React to Light, and Accommodation
B)none
A
INSPECT THE OCULAR FUNDUS with an ophthalmoscope
.
The _____________ enlarges your view of the eye so that you can inspect the media {anterior chamber, lens, vitreous) and the ocular fundus (the internal surface of the retina). It accomplishes this by directing a beam of light through the pupil to illuminate the inner structures. Thus using the ophthalmoscope is like peering through a keyhole (the pupil) into an interesting room beyond.
A)ophthalmoscope
B)otoscope
A
The ophthalmoscope should function as an appendage of your own eye. This takes some practice. Practice holding the instrument and focusing at objects around the room before you approach a “real” person. Hold the ophthalmoscope right up to your eye, braced firmly against the cheek and brow. Extend your index finger onto the lens selector dial so that you can refocus as needed during the procedure without taking your head away from the ophthalmoscope to look. Now look about the room, moving your head and the instrument
together as one unit. Keep both your eyes open; just view the field through the ophthalmoscope
A)true
B) false
True
The unit of strength of each lens is the diopter.The black numbers indicate a positive diopter; They focus on objects nearer in space to the ophthalmoscope. The red numbers show a negative diopter and arc for focusing on objects farther away.
A)true
B)false
True
The black numbers indicate a positive diopter; They focus on objects nearer in space to the ophthalmoscope.
A)true
B)false
True
The red numbers show a negative diopter and arc for focusing on objects farther away.
A)true
B)false
True
To examine a person, darken the room to help dilate the pupils. (Dilating eyedrops are not needed during a screening examination. When indicated, they dilate the pupils for a wider look at the fundus background and macular area. Eyedrops are used only when glaucoma can be completely ruled out, because dilating the pupils in the presence of glaucoma can precipitate an acute episode.)
A)true
B)false
True
To examine a person,with an ophthalmoscope the nurse
A) darken the room to help dilate the pupils.
B) brighten the room
A
Dilating eyedrops are not needed during a screening examination. When indicated, they dilate the pupils for a wider look at the fundus background and macular area. Eyedrops are used only when glaucoma can be completely ruled out, because dilating the pupils in the presence of glaucoma can precipitate an acute episode.)
A)true
B)false
True
Eyedrops are used only when glaucoma can be completely ruled out, because dilating the pupils in the presence of glaucoma can precipitate an acute episode.)
A)true
B)false
True
Remove your eyeglasses and those of the other person; they obstruct close movement and you can compensate for their correction by using the diopter setting.
A)true
B)false
True
Contact lenses may be left in; they pose no problem as long as they are clean.
A)during an ophthalmoscope
B)false
A
If the pupils are small, use the smaller white light.
A)true
B)false
True
The light must have maximum brightness; replace old or dim batteries.
A)true
B)false
True
Tell the person, “Please keep looking at that light switch (or mark) on the wall across the room, even though my head will get in the way.” Staring at a distant fixed object
A)helps to dilate the pupils and to hold the retinal structures still.
B)helps the nurse concentrate on the external ear
A
Match sides with the person. That is, hold the ophthalmoscope in your right hand up to your right eye to view the person’s right eye. You must do this to avoid bumping noses during the procedure. Place your free hand on the person’s shoulder or forehead (Fig. 14-21, A). This helps orient you in space, because once you have the ophthalmoscope in position, you only have a very narrow range of vision. Also, your thumb can anchor the upper lid and help prevent blinking.
A)true
B)false
True
What can the nurse do to avoid bumping heads with the patient.
A)That is, hold the ophthalmoscope in your right hand up to your right eye to view the person’s right eye. You must do this to avoid bumping noses during the procedure. Place your free hand on the person’s shoulder or forehead (Fig. 14-21, A). This helps orient you in space, because once you have the ophthalmoscope in position, you only have a very narrow range of vision. Also, your thumb can anchor the upper lid and help prevent blinking.
B)none
A
Begin about 25 cm (10 inches) away from the person at an angle about 15 degrees lateral to the person’s Line of vision. Note the red glow filling the person’s pupil. This is the red reflex, caused by the reflection of your ophthalmoscope light off the inner retina. Keep sight of the red reflex, and steadily move closer to the eye. If you lose the red reflex, the light has wandered off the pupil and onto the iris or sclera. Adjust your angle to find it again.
A)true
B)false
True
What is the red reflex?
A)Note the red glow filling the person’s pupil. This is the red reflex, caused by the reflection of your ophthalmoscope light off the inner retina. Keep sight of the red reflex, and steadily move closer to the eye. If you lose the red reflex, the light has wandered off the pupil and onto the iris or sclera. Adjust your angle to find it again.
B)false
A
The nurse looks for the red reflex by holding the ophthalmoscope
A)Begin about 25 cm (10 inches) away from the person at an angle about 15 degrees lateral to the person’s Line of vision.
B)false
A
As you advance, adjust the lens to +6 and note any opacities in the media. These appear as dark shadows or black dots interrupting the red reflex. Normally, none are present. Progress toward the person until your foreheads almost touch.
A)true
B)false
True
Cataracts appear as opaque black areas against the red reflex
A)true
B)false
True
Against red reflex cataracts looks like,
A)appear as opaque black areas
B)appear as opaque yellow areas
A
Adjust the diopter setting to bring the ocular fundus into sharp focus. If you and the person have normal vision, this should be at 0. Moving the diopters compensates for nearsightedness or farsightedness. Use the red lenses for nearsighted eyes and the black for farsighted eyes
A)true
B)false
True
. If you and the person have normal vision, this should be at 0.
A)true
B)false
True
Moving the diopters compensates for nearsightedness or farsightedness.
A)true
B)false
True
Use the red lenses for
A)nearsighted eyes
B)farsighted eyes
A
Use the black lens for
A)nearsighted eyes
B)farsighted eyes
B
The person’s eye and your eye are normal. The 0 diopter (clear glass) will focus sharply on the retina.
A)normal eye
B)abnormal eye
A
