Heart failure

Question 1

Heart failure

Answer 1

Heart can’t pump enough to apply for a body.

Question 2

Systolic heart failure

Answer 2

Heart can’t pump with enough force(happens when muscles are smaller and weaker than normal, so less blood gets ejected).

Question 3

Diastolic heart failure

Answer 3

Hard can’t fill with enough blood so body is not getting enough, larger muscles shorten the ventricles.

Question 4

Isolated heart failure

Answer 4

Left side or right side, usually left side heart failure occur first leading to right side heart failure.

Question 5

Left side heart failure

Answer 5

Fluid builds up in the lungs, congestive heart failure

Question 6

Right side heart failure

Answer 6

Fluid buildup in extremities, congestive heart failure

Question 7

Cardiac output

Answer 7

Cardiac output is a total amount of blood pumped per minute, 5 L per minute-normal, stroke, volume x heart rate= cardiac output
If cardiomyocytes get weaker, heart can’t pump efficiently-> stroke volume reduces x heart rate= cardiac output reduces.
Eventually, heart starts to compensate by squeezing harder ( increasing stroke volume) and beating faster( increasing heart rate) to increase cardiac output, this leads to overworked cardiomyocytes which then demand for more oxygen, and the heart tries even harder to compensate, the cycle continues.

Question 8

Systolic heart failure pathophysiology

Answer 8

Underlying diseases: cardiomyopathies ( weaken the heart muscle), coronary artery disease( reduced blood supply to heart muscles), regurgitation(valve disease- blood flows backwards, heart has to work hard harder to fight against backflow and provide efficiently -> increased oxygen by heart, muscle muscles, muscles also weaken up), stenosis(pumping through smaller opening), arrhythmias(abnormal heart rhythm-> Overload heart muscle due to uncoordinated heart rate).

Question 9

Ejection fraction

Answer 9

Ejection fraction-% of blood ejected each beat
Volume ejected /total volume filled x 100
Normal range-55-70 %
Abnormal range- 40–55%
Heart failure range – < 40%

Question 10

Diastolic heart failure pathophysiology

Answer 10

Ejection fraction: if the blood ejected and the blood filled are both reduced then it leads to preserved ejection fraction, which is the ejection fraction close to the normal ejection fraction value, but it can still be indicative of heart failure.
Hypertrophy (ventricular muscle growth-> bigger muscle and less room in ventricles to fill), stiffen muscles(don’t contract and relax, noncompliant, could be due to scar tissue or dead muscle cells),
Underlying disease responsible- hypertension, aortic stenosis, cardiomyopathy : hypertrophy and restrictive (stiffening),
Risk factors: old age, CAD