Heart and Lungs Flashcards
mediastinum
area between pleural cavities
what is inside the mediastinum?
heart and pericardium
contents outside the pericardium
1) . thymus
2) . veins
3) . arteries
4) . nerves
5) . trachea and primary bronchi
6) . esophagus
7) . thoracic duct
which veins are found in the mediastinum outside the pericardium?
1) . R/L brachiocephalic
2) . superior vena cava
3) . azygos veins
which arteries are found in the mediastinum outside the pericardium?
1) . aortic arch/descending aorta/ branches to thoracic structures
2) . pulmonary truck with R/L pulmonary artery branches
3) . brachiocephalic trunk
4) . left carotid
5) . left subclavian
which nerves are found in the mediastinum outside the pericardium?
1) . vagus & recurrent laryngeal branches > esophageal plexus
2) . phrenic
3) . cardiac plexus (sympathetic & parasympathetic)
4) . sympathetic chain ganglia
layers of the pericardium
1) . fibrous pericardium
2) . serous pericardium
3) . visceral pericardium
what is the fibrous pericardium
outer layer of pericardium; suspends the heart in loose CT of mediastinum, protects it from over filling
what is the serous pericardium?
serous membrane forming the inner lining of pericardium (parietal pericardium)
what is the visceral pericardium?
serous membrane forming the outer covering of the heart (epicardium)
what is the orientation of the heart?
oblique, off center with 2/3 on L of mid-sagitall plane
venous supply to the right atria
1) . Superior vena cava - blood from head, arms and thorax
2) . inferior vena cava - blood from abdomen, pelvis, and legs
3) . coronary sinus - blood from heart myocardium
valve between R atria and ventricle
R atrioventricular (AV) valve = tricuspid valve
left AV valve
bicuspid/mitral valve
valve between R atria and pulmonary trunk
pulmonary semilunar valve
valve between L ventricle and aorta
aortic semilunar valve
layers of the heart wall
1) . epicardium
2) . myocardium
3) . endocardium
what is the endocardium?
simple squamous epithelial lining of the heart chambers
what attaches to AV valve flaps and close valves
chorde tendenae and papillary muscles
what do the trabeculae carneae do?
muscular ridges found on the inner surface of both ventricles
where are the pectinate muscles?
ridges found on the inner surface on both atria
where are the auricles?
R/L pouches attached to the R/L atria
what is the fibrous skeleton of the heart?
dense CT associated with the bases of the 4 valves. Acts as an insulator to electrically isolate atria from ventricles to create 2 heart pumps
where does the right coronary artery branch to?
1) . SA node
2) . base of heart
3) . posterior R/L ventricles and IVC
4) . AV node
where does the left coronary artery branch to?
1) . SA node (40%)
2) . Ant R and L ventricles and IVS
3) . post surface
4) . left border
5) . post R and L ventricles and IVC (30%)
where do the R/L coronary arteries run?
in AV sulcus
how does the right coronary artery get to the Post R/L ventricles and IVC?
via posterior interventricular
how does the right coronary artery get to the base of the heart?
right marginal
how does the left coronary artery get to the Ant R/L ventricles and IVS?
via anterior interventricular artery = left anterior descending artery
how does the left coronary artery get to the posterior surface of the heart?
via circumflex artery
how does the left coronary artery get to the left border of the heart?
via marginal artery
where do the veins of the heart drain?
into great cardiac vein (left coronary sulcus) -> coronary sinus -> right atria
how does the left coronary artery run to the ant R/L ventricles and IVS?
via anterior inter ventricular artery and left anterior descending artery
how does the left coronary artery branch to the posterior surface of the heart?
via circumflex artery
how does the left coronary artery run to the left border of the heart?
via the marginal artery
how does the left coronary artery branch to the post R/L ventricles and IVC?
via posterior inter-ventricular artery
how does the R coronary artery branch to the base of the heart?
via right marginal artery
how does the R coronary artery branch to the posterior R/L ventricles and IVC?
via posterior inter-ventricular artery
T/F: the fibrous pericardium is continuous with the serous pericardium
TRUE
What is the intrinsic pathway for coronary innervation?
SA node (pacemaker) -> internodal fibers -> AV node (delay) -> AV bundle of HIS -> bundle branches -> Purkinje fibers
what is found in the hilum of the lungs?
- pulmonary arteries and veins
- bronchial arteries and veins
- primary (main) bronchus
- lymphatics
- nerves
- pulmonary ligament
what is the pulmonary ligament?
fold of viseral and parietal pleura connecting lungs to mediastinum
what portion of the airway has thick walls with no gas exchange?
the conducting portion
name the structures in the conducting portion of the airway
- Oral and nasal cavities
- Pharynx
- Larynx
- Trachea
- Primary bronchi
- Secondary bronchi (to lobes)
- Tertiary bonchi (segmental, ~10 per lung)
- Bronchioles
- Terminal bronchioles
what portion of the airway is responsible for gas exchange?
Respiratory portion
Name the structures in the respiratory portion of the airway
- Respiratory bronchioles (lubulues)
- Alveolar duct
- Alveolar sac
- Alveoli
