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a level p.e > heart > Flashcards

heart Flashcards

1
Q

what are the internal structures of the heart ?

A
  • left & right ventricles
  • left & right atria
  • AV valves
  • Semilunar valves
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2
Q

what are the AV valves ?

A
  • tricuspid valve (right)
  • bicuspid valve (left)
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3
Q

what are the semilunar valves ?

A
  • pulmonary valve (right)
  • aortic valve (left)
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4
Q

what are the external blood vessels of the heart ?

A
  • vena cava
  • pulmonary artery
  • pulmonary veins
  • aorta
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5
Q

what does the cardiovascular system refer to ?

A

heart
blood
blood vessels

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6
Q

what are the 2 circuits of the heart ?

A

pulmonary circuit
systemic circuit

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7
Q

what is the pulmonary circuit ?

A

circulation of blood through the pulmonary artery to the lungs and pulmonary vein back to the heart

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8
Q

what is the systemic circuit ?

A

circulation of blood through the aorta to the body and vena cava back to the heart

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9
Q

what is the coronary circulation composed of ?

A

coronary arteries
coronary veins

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10
Q

what is the dual action pump ?

A

2 heart sides/ pumps

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11
Q

why does the left side of the heart/cardiac muscle thicker ?

A

so it can forcefully contract to circulate oxygenated blood through the systemic system to the muscles and organs

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12
Q

what do the atrioventricular valves consist of ?

A

bicuspid
tricuspid

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13
Q

what do the atrioventricular and semilunar valves do ?

A

prevent backflow of blood

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14
Q

what does the right side of the heart circulate ?

A

deoxygenated blood

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15
Q

where does deoxygenated blood enter the heart ?

A

vena cava

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16
Q

what is oxygenated blood ?

A

blood saturated with oxygen and nutrients such as glucose

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17
Q

what is deoxygenated blood ?

A

blood depleted of oxygen saturated with carbon dioxide and waste products

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18
Q

describe the pathway of blood

A

body
vena cava
right atrium
tricuspid valve
right ventricle
semilunar valve
pulmonary artery
lungs
pulmonary vein
left atrium
bicuspid/mitral valve
left ventricle
semilunar valve
aorta
back to body

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19
Q

what does myogenic ?

A

the capacity of the heart to generate its own electrical impulse which causes the cardiac muscle to contract

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20
Q

what is the conduction system ?

A

a set of structures in the cardiac muscle that create and transmit an electrical impulse, forcing the atria and ventricles to contract

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21
Q

what are the steps in the conduction system ?

A
  • SA node - initiates cardiac impulse
  • Passes over both atria walls
  • Causes atria to contract
  • Impulse recieved by AV node
  • Impulse conducted down bundle of his / purkinje fibres
  • impulse travels up perkinje fibres
  • causes ventricles to contract (ventricular systole)
  • diastole (heart fills with blood)
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22
Q

what is the SA node ?

A

generates electrical impulses, causing atria walls to contract

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23
Q

what is the SA node known as ?

A

the pacemaker, determines heart rate

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24
Q

what is the AV node ?

A

collects the impulse and delays it by 0.1 seconds to allow the atria to finish contracting

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25
Q

what is the bundle of his ?

A

located in the septum, splitting the impulse into 2, ready to be distributed to ventricles

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26
Q

what are bundle branches ?

A

carry impulses to the base of each ventricle

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27
Q

what are Purkinje fibres ?

A

distribute the impulses through the ventricle walls, causing them to contract

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28
Q

what is diastole ?

A

the relaxation phase of the cardiac muscle where chambers fill with blood

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29
Q

what is systole ?

A

conduction + CONTRACTION phase of cardiac muscle where blood is ejected into the aorta and pulmonary artery

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30
Q

what is the cardiac cycle ?

A

events of one heart beat

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31
Q

how long does a complete cardiac cycle take ?

A

0.8 seconds

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32
Q

what are the 2 phases of the cardic cyle ?

A

systole
diastole

33
Q

how long does diastole take ?

A

0.5 seconds

34
Q

what happens during diastole ?

A
  • relaxation of atria and ventricles means lower pressure in heart
  • blood fills atria increasing atrial pressure above ventricle pressure
  • blood is forced past AV valves so blood moves into ventricles (70 % of blood)
35
Q

how long does systole take ?

A

0.3 seconds

36
Q

what are the 2 contraction phases of systole ?

A
  • atrial
  • ventricular
37
Q

what happens during atrial systole ?

A

both atria contract forcing the remaining 30% blood past AV valves into both ventricles
- aortic and pulmonary valves are closed

38
Q

what ha[[ens during ventricular systole ?

A
  • both ventricles contract forcing blood up past aortic and pulmonary valves
  • diastole phase begins cycle again
  • aortic and pulmonary valves close
39
Q

what is stroke volume ? (SV)

A

the amount of blood ejected from the heart ventricles per beat

40
Q

what is the typical resting volume of stoke volume ?

A

65- 70 ml

41
Q

what is heart rate

A

the number of heart beats per minute

42
Q

what is the typical resting heart rate (HR) ?

A

72 bpm

43
Q

what is cardiac output (Q) ?

A

the volume of blood ejected from the heart ventricles in 1 minute

44
Q

when calculating what units do we always use for cardiac output ?

A

L/Min

45
Q

how do you calculate cardiac output ?

A

SV X HR

46
Q

what is the trained individual SV ?

A

80/85 ml

47
Q

what is the trained individual HR ?

A

60 bpm (or less)

48
Q

what is the trained individual Q ?

A

5 Lmin

49
Q

what is bradycardia ?

A

a resting HR below 60 bpm

50
Q

how do you calculate maximum HR ?

A

subtract age from 220

51
Q

what indicates high aerobic fitness ?

A

low resting hr
fast hr recovery after exercise

52
Q

how low a heart rate could elite trained athletes have ?

A

40/60 bpm

53
Q

what does hypertrophy do ?

A

increase SV due to increase in size and strength to heart muscle wall

54
Q

what is our max heart rate ?

A

the highest heart rate value one can achieve in an all out effort to the point of exhaustion

55
Q

a HR plateau is reached during a constant rate of what ?

A

sub maximal work

56
Q

how is a HR plateau achieved ?

A

by aerobic work where 02 supply is equal to the demand from muscles

57
Q

what does a HR plateau represent ?

A

the optimal hr for meeting the circulatory demands at the rate of work

58
Q

the lower the steady state hr for any level of work, the what ?

A

more efficient the heart

59
Q

when we start to exercise, what happens to the demand of oxygen we need for our muscles ?

A

it increases rapidly

60
Q

how is hr proportional to the intensity of exercise ?

A

it increases as intensity increases until we reach HR max

61
Q

what is the stroke volume response during exercise ?

A
  • SV increases linearly with increasing work but only up to intensities if 40%-60% max work
62
Q

what happens to SV after 40%-60% max work ?

A

SV values plateau and may even fall while HR continues to increase

63
Q

when are maximal SV volumes reached ?

A

during submaximal work

64
Q

SV increased from 70ml (average) at east to max values of what during exercise ?

A

120/140 ml per beat during exercise

65
Q

what is the reserve ESV used during exercise for ?

A

to allow SV to increase

66
Q

what is ESV

A

end systole volume

67
Q

what is EDV ?

A

end diastole volume

68
Q

what is the equation relating ESV EDV and SV

A

EDV - ESV = SV

69
Q

what are the submaximal values for HR, SV, Q ?

A

HR - 120-150
SV - 120/140 ml
Q - 15-20 l

70
Q

what is the cardiac output (Q) response during exercise ?

A

if SV x HR = Q, Q also increased directly in line with exercise intensity

71
Q

the resting values if 5 l min go to what for cardiac output during exercise ?

A

5 L min to 20 L min

72
Q

for elite endurance athletes what can their cardiac output reach during exercise ?

A

40 l min

73
Q

why does Q initially increase during exercise ?

A

due to increase in HR and SV

74
Q

when exercise intensity exceeds 40%-60% of max work rate any further increases in Q is due to what ?

A

HR rather than SV

75
Q

why does SV as HR increases ?

A

there is less time for diastole and for blood to fill

76
Q

what is starlings law ?

A

SV is dependent on venus return - venus return increased in exercise so stroke volume and cardiac output increases so more blood can return to the heart

77
Q

what happens at rest ( starlings law and sv )

A

less blood returns to the heart
sv is lower (70ml)

78
Q

explains what happens during exercise to sv (starlings law)

A

more blood reigned to the heart (increases VR)
causes a greater EDV - stretches and enlarges ventricle walls
greater stretch and recoil increased the force of ventricular contraction (systole)

increases ventricular contractility almost emptying all the EDV and increasing SV

a level p.e (13 decks)

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