Component 2 - learning theories Flashcards
what is operant conditioning ?
- learning through consequence, a performer learns to link or connect a stimulus to a set response
give an example for operant conditioning ?
a tennis player learns to connect the stimulus of a high tennis ball to a smash shot
what are the steps of operant conditioning ?
- a coach will manipulate the environment
- the performer will respond to the stimulus using trial and error
- the coach will shape the behaviour of the performer through reinforcement
give an example of how a coach will manipulate the environment ?
- a badminton coach will place hula hoops at the back of the court to aim long serves into
give an example of how the performer will respond to the stimulus using trial and error ?
- the performer experiments ways of performing the long serve
give an example of how the coach will shape the behaviour of the performer through reinforcement ?
the badminton coach will praise the correct serve action even if it didn’t go in the hoop
what are the 2 types of reinforcement ?
positive
negative
what is positive reinforcement ?
a stimulus (reward/satisfier) is given when the desired response occurs
this allows the performer to repeat the same correct response
this strengthens the correct s-r bond
what is an s - r bond ?
stimulus response bond
give an example of positive reinforcement ?
a rugby coach praises a performer for tackling with correct technique
what is negative reinforcement ?
an unpleasant stimulus (annoyer) is withdrawn when the desired response occurs
this makes the performer repeat the same correct response
strengthens correct s-r bond
give an example of negative reinforcement ?
a swimming coach stops criticising a performer when the dive with correct technique
what is positive punishment ?
a coach will add an unpleasant stimulus to decrease undesired behaviour
give an example of positive punishment ?
a netball coach will make the team complete 5 laps of the court for lack of effort in training
what is negative punishment ?
a coach will take away a pleasant stimulus to decrease undesired behaviour
give an example of negative punishment ?
a hockey coach drops the performer from the starting 11 for missing training
what does punishment help to do ?
weaken an incorrect s-r bond
points out where behaviour needs to be changed
give an example as to when punishment helps a performer change behaviour ?
the hockey player is dropped they understand that they need to attend training if they want to make the starting 11
what does reinforcement help to do ?
make the performer repeat the same correct response
strengthen the correct s-r bond
when is reinforcement beneficial ?
- coach has influence to encourage correct learning
- manipulation of environment means correct learning will happen
- can be used on young performers
- reinforces correct s-r bond
- effective for all stages of learning
- shaping allows stages of success
- developing s-r bonds leads to automatic responses
- learning is quick if a reward is given every time
- it motivates people is trial and error is failing
when is reinforcement problematic ?
- reward can become more important than enjoying the activity
- if used at the wrong time can strengthen incorrect s-r bond
- reward can become meaningless if overused
- ineffective if unspecific
- if negative can demotivate beginners
- if negative unfounded can have detrimental effects on performance
what is the cognitive theory of learning ?
- learning is centred around thinking and understanding, and is best achieved by presenting the whole skill or problem to the learner
give an example of the cognitive theory of learning ?
a basketball coach explaining the benefits of a bounce pass in the context of a set play
what are the main stages of the cognitive theory of learning ?
coach presents whole skill to performer in a realistic situation
insight learning
intervening variables are considered
mental rehearsal
how does the coach present the whole skill to the performer?
in a realistic situation
give an example of when the coach will present the whole skill to the performer ?
a tennis coach shows the performer a lob against an active opponent during a rally on a full sized court
what is insight learning ?
the learner has to think about and understand the problem as a whole
give an example of insight learning
the learner thinks about the lob in the context of a rally and understands why it is used
in the 3rd step of CTOL what does the performer consider to help them respond to a stimulus ?
intervening variables
what are intervening variables ?
influences that occur between the presentation of a stimulus and the learners response to it
give an example of the performer using intervening variables ?
the learner percieves the height of the tennis ball and the position of the opposition before executing the lob
how does the performer use mental rehearsal ?
of past experiences (reminiscence) to help with their learning
give an example as to when mental rehearsal is used ?
a learner will recall a situation where they attempted a lob and it went without them losing a point
when is the cognitive theory of learning beneficial ?
performer develops a better understanding
performer may be able to apply a skill or tactic more effectively
- performer could make quick progress
- helps the performer when problem solving or using perception in the future
- enables performers to adapt to different situations better or to use schema
- can learn to self correct
- learning skill has a whole helps develop kinaesthetic feel
what are the drawbacks to the cognitive theory of learning ?
- performer may find whole skill or tactic too difficult
- can be ineffective for low organisation, complex, serial or dangerous skills
- performer can lose motivation
- learning may be slower if performer doesn’t understand skill or tactic
- performer may understand but cannot physically execute the skill
- may have no past experiences to draw back on
what is observational learning ?
learning through watching and copying a role model
give an example of observational learning ?
a netball player watches her coach perform and interception and attempts an interception during practice
what are the stages of observational learning ?
demonstration
attention
retention
motor reproduction
motivation
what is demonstration ?
a coach will demonstrate the skill
give an example of demonstration ?
a volleyball coach demonstrates how to block in volleyball
what is attention ?
first process of the model
the learner must focus on the demonstration if they are to copy it
what is selective attention ?
where the performer focuses on important cues
give an example of attention and how it is used ?
a volleyball player pays attention to the position of the coach’s arms during the demonstration of the block
what is retention ?
second process of the model
learner must remember the image of the demonstration in order to copy it
give an example of retention ?
a volleyball player mentally rehearses the image of the block in order to repeat it
what is motor reproduction ?
- 3rd process of the model
- learner must have the physical ability to reproduce the demonstration
learner must have a mental understanding of the skill in order to repeat it
give an example of when the player must have the physical ability to reproduce the demonstration ( motor reproduction )
volleyball player must be able to jump high enough in order to perform the block
give an example as to when the performer must have a mental understanding of the skill in order to repeat it (motor reproduction )
volleyball player must understand how to perform the block and why it is used
what is motivation ?
the final process of the model
- the learner must have the drive and desire to copy the demonstration
give an example of when motivation is used ?
a volleyball player may see another team-mate successfully perform a block and be motivated to copy it
why is it important to pay attention when learning via observational learning ?
how much attention they pay to the demonstration will impact on their ability to reproduce the skill
what effects how much attention performer pay to the demonstration ?
- how interested the performer is
- how motivated they are to be able to perform the skill
- perceived attractiveness of the model
- status of the model
- observers attention span
- incentives
why is retention important when learning via observational learning ?
they need the ability to be able to remember the image
how can the performers ability to remember the image be improved ?
- using mental rehearsal
- considering the demonstration
- adding meaning to the demonstration
- chunking information included in the demonstration
- demonstration being repeated
why is motor reproduction important in observational learning ?
demonstrations should be matched to the capability and ability of the level of the observers
give an example of when demonstrations need to match the ability of performers in motor reproduction stage ?
performers must have correct weight or undamaged equipment or be warmed up
what can help motor reproduction ?
feedback can aid learning and understanding
give an example of when feedback can help aid learning and understanding in motor reproduction ?
explaining why a shoulder pass is used in netball may help with the understanding of the skill
how can motor reproduction be increased in observational learning ?
positive reinforcement/feedback/incentives
similar role model
high status role model
vicarious reinforcement
successful vicarious experience can raise self efficacy to try to copy the desired behaviour
