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a level p.e > component 1 - anatomy & physiology > Flashcards

component 1 - anatomy & physiology Flashcards

1
Q

what are ligaments ?

A

slightly elastic criss cross collagen fibres which attach bone to bone

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2
Q

what do ligaments do ?

A

attach bone to bone

strengthening/stabilising joints together to allow normal joints range of motion
preventing joint dislocations

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3
Q

what are tendons ?

A

parallel collagen fibres, which allow more elasticity, attach bone to muscle

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4
Q

what do tendons do ?

A

attach bone to muscle
transmit muscular force to bones which creates motion

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5
Q

what are the 2 types of cartilage ?

A
  • articular/hyaline
  • fibro
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6
Q

what is articular cartilage and what does it do ?

A
  • smooth shiny cartilage that covers the ends of bones
  • forms a smooth firm surface between articulating bones
  • reduces friction
  • acts as a shock absorber
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7
Q

what is fibro cartilage, what does it do ?

A
  • tough, slightly flexible cartilage
  • acts as a shock absorber and lubricant
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8
Q

give an example as to where fibro cartilage is found ?

A
  • between individual vertebrae
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9
Q

what is synovial fluid ?

A

fluid which reduces friction between articulating bones
within joint cavity adds stability to the joint

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10
Q

what is the joint capsule ?

A

2 layered outer tough fibrous capsule layer
surrounds joint cavity
provides strength & support between bones

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11
Q

what is the bursa ?

A

a fluid filled sac containing synovial fluid
adds stability/lubrication between tendons/ligaments/bones

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11
Q

what is synovial membrane ?

A

the inner layer covering internal surfaces

secretes synovial fluid, lubricating the joint allowing a greater range of motion

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12
Q

what do the pads of fat do ?

A

acts as a cushion between fibrous capsule and bone/muscle
helps to stabilise and absorb shock at joints

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13
Q

what is the menisci, what does it do ?

A

tough wedge of fibro cartilage
improves stability between articulating bones
shock absorbers - reduces damage to joint surfaces

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14
Q

what are the 3 types of joint ?

A
  • fixed/fibrous (immovable joints)
  • cartilagnious joints (slightly movable)]
  • synovial joints (freely movable)
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15
Q

what are fixed/fibrous joints ?

A
  • allow little/no movement between the joint
  • joints are interlocked and held together by connective tissue, or they are fused together
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16
Q

give an example of where a fixed/fibrous joint is

A

cranium - fused joints

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17
Q

what are cartilagnious joints ?

A
  • where articulating bones are further apart/separated by pads of fibro cartilage
  • fibro cartilage compresses - acting as a shock absorber
  • allows some movement in various directions
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18
Q

what are synovial joints ?

A
  • bone surfaces covered with a layer of articular cartilage and enclosed by a fibrous joint capsule which has synovial fluid
  • most joints are synovial
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19
Q

give an example of where a cartilagnious joint is ?

A
  • between individual vertebrae
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20
Q

give an example of where a synovial joint is ?

A
  • at the hip joint
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21
Q

what are the 6 types of synovial joints ?

A
  • pivot
  • hinge
  • ball and socket
  • saddle
  • gliding
  • condyloid
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22
Q

how do pivot joints move ?

A
  • permits rotation of 1 bone around another
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23
Q

give an example of a pivot joint movement

A
  • at the elbow to turn your hand over
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24
Q

what movement does a hinge joint allow ?

A
  • back and fourth motion
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25
Q

where are hinge joints found ?

A

elbow
knee
hip

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26
Q

what type of movements do hip joints allow ?

A

flexion/extenstion

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27
Q

what movement does the saddle joint allow ?

A

most directions

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28
Q

where is the saddle joint found ?

A

base of thumb

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29
Q

what movement do ball and socket joints allow ?

A
  • widest range of movement
  • abduction/adduction
    -flexion/extension
    -rotation
  • circumduction
  • medial/lateral rotation
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30
Q

give an example as to where a ball and socket joint can be found ?

A

at the shoulder

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31
Q

what movement does the condyloid joint allow ?

A
  • like ball and socket joints but with flatter/oval surfaces
  • great range of movement, no rotation
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32
Q

give an example as to where the condyloid joint can be found ?

A

at the wrist

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33
Q

what movement does a gliding joint allow ?

A

sliding motion of one bone over another
- allows flexion/extension
- allows lateral flexion

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34
Q

where are gliding joints found ?

A
  • ends of collar bones, between wrist bones, vertebrae column
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35
Q

what are the 3 planes of movement ?

A

saggital
transverse
frontal (coronal)

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36
Q

what is the saggital plane ?

A

a vertical plane which divides your body into left and right

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37
Q

what type of movement is allowed in the saggital plane ?

A

flexion/extension
dorsi/plantar flexion

38
Q

give an example of a movement in the saggital plane ?

A

walking
squatting

39
Q

what is the frontal plane ?

A

divides body into front and back

40
Q

what type of movement does the frontal plane allow ?

A

abduction/adduction

41
Q

give an example of a movement in the frontal plane ?

A

star jump

42
Q

what is the transverse plane ?

A

divides body into top and bottom

43
Q

what type of movement does the transverse plane allow ?

A

rotation -lateral/medial
horizontal flexion/extension

44
Q

give an example of a movement in the transverse plane ?

A

twisting

45
Q

what is flexion ?

A

angle between 2 bones decrease

46
Q

give examples of flexion ?

A

bicep curl
landing

47
Q

what is extension ?

A

angle between 2 bones increases

48
Q

give an example of extension ?

A

taking off
bicep curl

49
Q

what is abduction ?

A

lateral movement away from the body midline

50
Q

give an example of adduction and abduction ?

A

star jump
breaststroke
butterfly
straddle jump

51
Q

what is adduction ?

A

lateral movement towards the body midline

52
Q

what is medial rotation ?

A

front part of body rotates towards the midline

53
Q

what is lateral rotation ?

A

front part of body rotates away from the midline

54
Q

give an example of medial and lateral rotation ?

A

tennis shot - shoulder

55
Q

what is circumduction ?

A

movement combination through multiple planes of motion

56
Q

give an example of circumduction ?

A

arm circle
butterfly
bowling in cricket

57
Q

what is the agonist ?

A

the muscle shortens with force to initiate or cause/control the movement

58
Q

what is the antagonist ?

A

muscle lengthening in opposition to the agonist

59
Q

what is the fixator ?

A

muscle statically stabilizers joint to make movement more efficient

60
Q

what are the types of isotonic contraction ?

A

concentric
eccentric

61
Q

what does isotonic mean ?

A

muscle changes in length with force

62
Q

what is concentric muscle contraction ?

A

muscle shortening whilst exerting a force

63
Q

what type of muscle contraction does the agonist go with ?

A

concentric

64
Q

what is eccentric muscle contraction ?

A

muscle lengthening whilst exerting a force

65
Q

what is isometric contraction ?

A

no change in muscle length but it is exerting a force

66
Q

how do muscles work in pairs ?

A

as the agonist shortens concentrically, its antagonist lengthens in opposition

67
Q

if the muscle is shortening, what is the function and contraction ?

A

agonist
concentric

68
Q

if the muscle is lengthening, what is the function and contraction ?

A

antagonist
OR
agonist and eccentric IF there is a force

69
Q

if the muscle is static, what is the function and contraction ?

A

fixator
isometric

70
Q

what happens to the biceps brachi in terms of muscles and types of contraction, planes during flexion at the elbow joint in a bicep curl ?

A

agonist
concentric
saggital plane

71
Q

what happens to the biceps brachi in terms of planes, muscle types and contraction during extension at the elbow joint during a controlled downward extension phase in a bicep curl ?

A

-muscle lengthens
- agonist - as it is with force
eccentric
saggital

72
Q

what happens to the biceps brachi in terms of planes, muscle types and contraction when holding the weight half way down at 90 degrees in a bicep curl ?

A
  • fixator
  • isometric contraction
  • saggital
73
Q

at the knee hinge joint, which muscles are the agonists during flexion ?

A
  • biceps femoris
  • semitendinosus
  • semimembranosus
74
Q

at the knee hinge joint, which muscles are the agonists during extension ?

A
  • rectus femoris
  • medialis vastus
  • lateralis vastus
  • vastus intermedius
75
Q

what type of joint is at the knee ?

A

hinge - synovial joint

76
Q

what are the articulating vibes at the knee

A

femur / tibia, patella

77
Q

what joint type is at the hip ?

A

ball and socket synovial joint

78
Q

where are the articulating bones at the hip ?

A

acetabulum / pelvis & head of femur

79
Q

what is the agonist muscle during flexion at the hip ?

A

illiopsoas

80
Q

what is the agonist muscle at extension of the hip ?

A

gluteus maximus

81
Q

what is the agonist muscle at abduction at the hip ?

A

gluteus medius

82
Q

what is the agonist muscle for adduction at the hip ?

A

adductor longus
adductor magnus / adductor brevis

83
Q

what is the agonist muscle in medial rotation at the hip ?

A

gluteus medius and gluteus minimums

84
Q

what is the agonist muscle at lateral rotation at the hip ?

A

gluteus maximus

85
Q

what is the joint type of the spine

A

cartilaginous / gliding / pivot

86
Q

what are the articulating bones at the spine

A

vertebrae / atlas & axis

87
Q

what is the agonist muscle during flexion at the spine

A

rectus abdominus

88
Q

what is the agonist muscle during extension at the spine

A

erector spinae grp (sacrospinalis)

89
Q

what is the agonist muscle during lateral flexion at the spine

A

external and internal obliques

90
Q

what joint type is at the ankle

A

hinge

91
Q

what are the articulating bones at the ankle ?

A

tibia / talus / fibula

92
Q

what is the agonist muscle during dorsi flexion at the ankle

A

tibialis anterior

93
Q

what is the agonist muscle during plantar flexion at the ankle

A

gastrocnemius /
soleus

a level p.e (2 decks)

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