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a level p.e > component 2 - skill aquisition > Flashcards

component 2 - skill aquisition Flashcards

1
Q

which 2 factors are environmental influencers ?

A

open and close skills

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2
Q

what are open skills ?

A
  • skills which are affected by a changing environment
  • skills which may require the performer to adapt
  • mainly externally paced
  • require decisions to be made
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3
Q

give an example of an open skill ?

A

passing in football

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4
Q

what is a closed skill ?

A
  • a skill that is performed in a stable and unchanging environment
  • they are habitual (the same)
  • they involve a set movement
  • they are self paced
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5
Q

give an example of a closed skill

A

a basketball free throw

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6
Q

what does externally paced mean ?

A

the environment determines the speed of the skill/when the skill is going to take place

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7
Q

what does self paced mean ?

A
  • the performer determines when to begin the skill, the speed at which they perform the skill at
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8
Q

what are gross skills ?

A
  • involve large muscle groups
  • have little concern for precision
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9
Q

give an example of a gross skill

A

rugby tackle

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10
Q

what are fine skills ?

A
  • skills which involve small muscle groups
  • skills which involve accuracy and precision
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11
Q

give an example of a fine skill

A

archery

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12
Q

which are the different types of skills which use different muscular involvement ?

A

fine skills
gross skills

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13
Q

what are discrete skills ?

A
  • skills which have a clear beginning and end
  • skills which are repeatable but the performer must stop and start again
  • single, specific skills
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14
Q

give an example of a discrete skill

A

shooting in netball

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15
Q

what are serial skills ?

A
  • movement skills that have a number of discrete elements put together in a definite order to make a larger movement or sequence
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16
Q

give an example of a serial skill ?

A

triple jump

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17
Q

what are continuous skills ?

A
  • movement skills with no clear beginning or end
  • the end of one cycle of movement is the beginning of the next
  • involves repetition of the same movement to make sense
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18
Q

give an example of a continuous skill

A

road / track cycling

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19
Q

what is a self paced skill ?

A
  • performer controls the rage at which the skill is executed
  • usually proactive (pre - planned)
  • usually closed skills
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20
Q

give an example of a self paced
skill

A

a penalty in football

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21
Q

what is an externally paced skill ?

A
  • the environment confirms the rate at which the skill is performed
  • normally reactive (unplanned)
  • usually an open skill
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22
Q

give an example of an externally paced skill ?

A

dribbling in hockey

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23
Q

what are simple skills ?

A
  • skills which take few decisions to make
  • skills which are usually taught/learned as a whole
  • skills which may be repetitive
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24
Q

give an example of a simple skill ?

A

100 m sprint

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25
Q

what are complex skills ?

A
  • skills which involve
    making many decisions
  • skills which may have to be taught in stages
  • skills where there is a lot of information to process
26
Q

give an example of a complex
skill

A

a spike in volleyball

27
Q

what is a high organization skill ?

A
  • skills which aren’t easily broken down (into sub routines)
  • skills where it’s difficult to separate sub routines without disrupting the skills
  • usually practiced as a whole
28
Q

give an example
of a high organization skill ?

A

a tennis forehand

29
Q

what is a low organization skill ?

A
  • made up of sub routines which can be easily separated and practiced by themselves
  • having being practiced separately the sub routines can be put back together into the whole skill easily
30
Q

give an example of a low organization skill

A

a trampolining routine

31
Q

what is part practice ?

A

each sub routine is practiced in isolation and perfected then the whole skill is put back together

32
Q

what are the uses for part practice ?

A
  • skill is low in organisation
  • perceptual load is high (complex)
  • the skill is dangerous
  • the performer is a beginner to give early success of basic movements
  • used to increase confidence
  • helps to practice an aspect of the skill that is weak
33
Q

what are the problems with part practice ?

A
  • not suitable for high organisation skills
  • limits awareness of whole skill
  • limits kinaesthetic development
  • transfer to the whole skill may be difficult
  • can be de- motivating for high ability learners
  • takes time
34
Q

give sporting examples of where part practice would be used ?

A

triple jump
breast stroke
serve in volleyball
dance/trampolining/gymnastics routine

35
Q

what is whole practice ?

A

the skill is taught without breaking it down into sub routines

36
Q

what are the uses for whole practice ?

A
  • gives true kinaesthetic sense for movement of the skill
  • encourages positive transfer from practice to the real situation
  • encouraging an appreciation of the relationship between each part of the skill
  • skill is rapid
  • encourages the establishment of a motor programme ( plan of movement in long term memory )
37
Q

what are the problems with whole practice ?

A
  • unsuitable for complex skills
  • difficult for low abilities and those at the cognitive stages of learning
  • too fast for some learners
  • can be de-motivating if failure is experienced
38
Q

give sporting examples of a whole skill ?

A

100 m sprint
shooting in football/netball/basketball/hockey
chest pass in netball

39
Q

what is progressive part practice ?

A

each subroutine is practiced in isolation
the subroutine is then linked to the previous subroutine
this forms larger parts of the skill eventually becoming the whole skill
(chaining)

40
Q

what are uses for progressive part practice ?

A

practicing serial skills
practicing low organisation skills
encouraging an understanding of the links between the sub routines

41
Q

what are problems with progressive part practice ?

A

unsuitable for high organisation skills
can be hard for learners with low ability/motivation
lots of information to process
potential for overload
can be de motivating to return to sub-routines

42
Q

give examples of progressive part practice

A
  • routines - dance/gymnastics/trampolining
  • layup in basketball
  • triple jump
43
Q

what is whole part whole practice ?

A

the performer attempts the first skill first then practices the weak elements of the skill in isolation before being put back into the whole skill

44
Q

what are uses for whole part whole practice ?

A
  • practicing serial skills
  • practicing low organisation skills
  • correcting errors or reinforcing movements within a skill
  • encouraging initial feel/fluency for a skill
45
Q

what are problems with whole part whole practice ?

A
  • similar to part practice
  • unsuitable for high organisation skills
  • limited awareness for whole skill
  • limited kinaesthetic development
  • transfer to the whole skill may be difficult
  • can be de-motivating for high abilities
  • takes time
46
Q

what is massed practice ?

A

practice which involves very short or no rest intervals within the session. it is a continuous practice period

47
Q

what are the uses for massed practice ?

A
  • learning discrete simple and closed skills which are short in duration
  • performers are autonomous or older or more experienced performers
48
Q

problems with massed practice

A
  • can lead to poor performance
  • can hinder learning due to fatigue
  • demotivaiton
49
Q

examples of massed practice

A

passing in netball / football in a closed environment (no opposition)

batting in cricket in a closed environment

50
Q

what is distributed practice

A

practice which involves relatively long rest intervals between attempts at the skill. Performers may recover, receive feedback and use mental rehearsal during rest

51
Q

what are uses for distributed practice

A
  • learning continuous skills where the performer quickly tries
  • learning complex and dangerous skills where fatigue may cause harm
52
Q

what are problems with distributed practice ?

A

performers must avoid activities
in the rest periods that could lead to negative transfer

53
Q

give examples of distributed practice

A

100 m sprint
swimming
marathon runner
javelin

54
Q

what is fixed practice ?

A

practice which involves a stable and predictable environment with practice conditions which remain unchanged

55
Q

what are uses of fixed practice

A

practicing closed skills to encourage habitual movement

56
Q

what are uses of fixed practice

A

practicing closed skills to encourage habitual movement

57
Q

what are problems with fixed practice

A

can lead to boredom
can lead to overuse injuries

58
Q

give an example of fixed practice

A

gymnastics vault
basketball free throw

59
Q

what is varied practice

A

practice which gives a range of experience where the practice conditions are not constant

60
Q

what are uses for varied practice

A

learning open skills to help develop motor programmed stored in long term memory

gives the performer a range of strategies to draw upon in competitive situations

61
Q

what are problems with varied practice

A

not helpful for closed skills as environment is more stable

nah overwhelm or confuse beginners

basic techniques or skills need to be learned before varied practice is used

62
Q

give examples of varied practice

A

shooting in netball/football

tackling in rugby / football

a level p.e (2 decks)

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