Heart 1

Question 1

1 What structures are included in the cardiovascular system?

Answer 1

Heart, arteries, veins, capillaries

Question 2

2. What does “systemic” and “pulmonary” mean?

Answer 2

Systemic- body

Pulmonary- Lungs

Question 3

3. Name two exceptions to the rule that “veins carry deoxygenated blood”?

Answer 3

pulmonary vein, umbilical veins

Question 4

4. Are there any exceptions to the rule that arteries carry deoxygenated blood

Answer 4

pulmonary arteries

Question 5

5. What structures are contained within the mediastinum?

Answer 5

The mediastinum is the central compartment of the thoracic cavity it contains the
Heart,Major vessels, Esophagus, trachea, and Thymus

Question 6

6. What is the function of the pericardium?

Answer 6

Protection, structure for the heart, Friction helps in preventing heartbeat damage

Question 7

7. Describe the relationship between the visceral and parietal serous membranes of the pericardium?

Answer 7

Visceral(inner layer)
Fluid lubricant
Parietal paricardia layers
Dense fibrous layer (outer layer)

Question 8

8. Name the four chambers of the heart. Which of those four is strongest?

Answer 8

Left and right ventricle
Left and right atria
Left ventricle is strongest

Question 9

9. What surface feature separates the atria from the ventricles?

Answer 9

Coronal sulcus- deep grooves that separate atria and ventricles

Question 10

Name the layers of the heart wall, from the inside to the outside, Which layer is the thinnest?

Answer 10

Endocardium (inner)-the visceral pericardium

Myocardium(thickest layer)-cardiac muscle, vessels and nerves

Epicardium (outer)-simple squamous epithelium that covers the interior surfaces of the heart

Question 11

12.Name three junctions that are important for connecting cardiac myocytes end-to-end.

Answer 11

Desmosomes, gap junctions, fascia adhesions

Question 12

13. Name three ways cardiac and skeletal muscle differ.

Answer 12

Intercalated disc
Skeletal muscles are attached to bones
Skeletal muscles have many nuclei Cardiac generally has one
More mitochondria in cardiac muscle

Question 13

14. What is the function of heart valves?

Answer 13

Prevent blood from flowing back

Question 14

15. Describe the flow of blood, starting at the (inf/sup) vena cava and ending with the aorta

Answer 14

Right ventricle, to pulmonary artery, to lungs, to pulmonary veins, to left atrium, to left ventricle, to aorta

Question 15

16. Name three vessels that bring blood into the right atrium.

Answer 15

Superior vena cava, inferior vena cava, Coronary sinus

Question 16

17. The fossa ovalis is a remnant of what feature of the fetal heart?

Answer 16

Foramen ovale

Question 17

18. Where is pectinate muscles most prominent?

Answer 17

Atrium (the appendage floppy part)

Question 18

19. Describe the structures that stabilize the AV valves to prevent backflow

Answer 18

Tricuspid valve- allows blood to flow from right atrium to right ventricle

Bicuspid valve- allows blood into left ventricle

The aortic valve- prevents backflow of blood being pumped from left ventricle into the aortic arch

Question 19

19.5 Left ventricular walls are much thicker than the right ventricle. Why?

Answer 19

Left ventricle Has to push blood much further than right

Question 20

20. What vessels bring blood into the left atrium?

Answer 20

2 Superior and 2 inferior pulmonary veins

Question 21

21. Which valves are open and which are closed while ventricles are contracting
    When the ventricles are contracting, the AV valves are closed and the semilunar valves are open.

Answer 21

Right AV or tricuspid valve(closed)
Left AV or Bicuspid valve(closed)
Aortic valve(open)
Pulmonary valve(open)

Question 22

22. What is the function of the cardiac fibrous skeleton?

Answer 22

• Provides physical support for myocardium, nerves and vessels
• Distributes the forces of contraction
• Prevents overexpansion of the heart
• Provides elasticity that allows the heart to return to normal size after each contraction