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Cogx Applied Psychology > Health - Qualitative Research > Flashcards

Health - Qualitative Research Flashcards

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1
Q

In science, it’s important to use the right _________ for the question. Whilst quantitative research asks who, what and how many, qualitative research asks _____ and ______.

Quantitative research is based on _________. This states that facts and values are _______ and that it is possible to conduct _______ and value-free research as the results are ________ by the researcher. This is ________ to the public.

Qualitative research is based on ________ where the researcher and the social world _______. It does not recognise that facts and values are ______ and acknowledges that the results are ________ by the researcher’s values. Hence, this research is not ________ and ____ generalisable to the public.

Both qualitative and quantitative _______ each other out. Each have their own _______ and weaknesses.

A

methodology
why
how

positivism
distinct
objective
unaffected
generalisable 
interpretivism
interacts
distinct
affected
objective
less

balance
strengths

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2
Q

Qualitative vs Quantitative - goals

A

Qual - to understand and interpret a phenomenon in rich detail - explore phenomenon

Quan - to test and confirm hypotheses, determine cause and effect, quantify, make predictions

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3
Q

Qualitative vs Quantitative - variables

A

Qual - holistic rather than isolated variables

Quan - specific, individual variables

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4
Q

Qualitative vs Quantitative - data format

A

Qual - words, pictures, objects

Quan - numbers

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5
Q

Qualitative vs Quantitative - question format

A

Qual - open

Quan - closed

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6
Q

Qualitative vs Quantitative - study design flexibility

A

Qual - flexible and iterative (arriving at a decision or a desired result by repeating rounds of analysis or a cycle of operations)

Quan - fixed design from beginning to end - follow the recipe

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7
Q

Qualitative vs Quantitative - sampling

A

Qual - small, purposive sampling, reflects diversity of population, or snowball effect to access hidden communities

Quan - large, random sample, probability sampling to statistically represent population

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8
Q

Qualitative vs Quantitative - data collection

A

Qual - dynamic process - interactive and responsive to emergent topics (adjust questions based on responses)

Quan - static process - questions are pre-formulated

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9
Q

Qualitative vs Quantitative - analysis

A

Qual - content analysis - identify themes, patterns, relationships, and underlying explanations

Quan - statistical analysis - identify relationships between variables and the strength of these relationships

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10
Q

Qualitative vs Quantitative - theory

A

Qual - build theory as data is collected

Quan - consider theory before collecting data

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11
Q

Qualitative research is used when

  • ______ is known about a topic; limited ______.
  • gain a particular ________ on the topic (from a particular group)
  • when you want to _______ quantitative results.
  • identify relevant ________ items - item generation - developing a new _______ - need to understand the problem to develop relevant questions for it.
A 
little
theory
perspective
explain
questionnaire items
measure
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12
Q

Common features of qualitative research

It uses _______ reasoning (uses observation to formulate theory, explores), not ______ reasoning (using known theory and applying it, focus on causality, theory/hypothesis —> confirmation)

It has a _____ validity (measures what it’s supposed to measure) but a _____ reliability (inconsistent results given same conditions)
Eg: describing perceptions of chemo accurately, but different rounds of treatment explained differently.

Generally, qualitative research is a _______ process (can go back and forth)

A

inductive
deductive

high
low

non-linear

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13
Q

METHODS

Name some methods used in qualitative research

A
  • interviews
  • observation - overt or covert
  • document analysis
  • oral histories
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14
Q

METHODS

There are several interview types used, including:

  1. _______ interview (set questions, set order), which is usually conducted when you have _____ knowledge of the topic
  2. semi-structured interview - uses _____ questions and _____ to gain further insight.
  3. ______ interview - covers one or two issues in detail. Interviewee often leads.
  4. _____ groups - capitalises on the _______ between group participants.
A 
structured
good
open
prompts
in-depth
focus
communication
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15
Q

METHODS

Sampling in qualitative research is ________. This means participants are selected according to ______ criteria relevant to the research question. This ensures participants have the ________ or _______ that the researcher’s seek.

However, often researchers do ________ sampling because of practicalities with access, location, time, willingness, etc. It is ____ and _____.

Snowballing can also be used to recruit a sample that is _______ or ______. Influential people in these communities can give access to “______” populations.

Finally, _______ sampling is used in ______ theory studies. The research starts from ________ (small) sample and moves to more ________ (larger) sample. This occurs alongside data ______.

A

purposive
pre-selected
knowledge
experience

convenience
fast
easy

marginalised
stigmatised
hidden

theoretical
grounded
homogenous
heterogenous
analysis
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16
Q

How do you know if you have enough data in qualitative research?

A

Data saturation - researcher keeps sampling and analysing until no new data/themes appear. Usually wait until there are 3 consecutive interviews with no further information.

Member checking - go back and check themes with some participants to see if it resonates with them.

17
Q

APPROACHES

Grounded theory is an approach often used in _____ research.

Aims: to collect and analyse data to describe the _______ of a phenomenon, the ________ between then and generate a ______ of the phenomenon that is “_______” in the data.

Methods: complex _______ process. Involves identifying/describing and relating codes to each other (________), recording thoughts and ideas as they evolve (________), and making sense of the data according to the emerging theory using ________.

A

health

components
relationships
theory
grounded

iterative
coding
memoing
diagrams

18
Q

APPROACHES

Interpretive ___________ Analysis (IPA) aims to examine participants ________, personal experience and _______ of an event. It seeks to understand _______ experiences.

In it’s methods, it uses _____ questions to look for meaning for that person.

It may not have obvious ________, as the main goal is to describe phenomena and improve understanding.

A

Phenomonological
lifeworld
perception
lived

open

conclusion

19
Q

APPROACHES

Ethnography seeks to understand human ______ and individuals’ _______ within a group _______. Usually this is done from the “_______”, or using _______. The ethnographer becomes ________ in the culture and records extensively.

A 
behaviour
experiences
culture
outside
observation
immersed
20
Q

APPROACHES

Thematic analysis is another useful approach to identify, _______ and report patterns or _______. It is very _______ and not bound to a particular ________ approach. After describing the data, researchers ________ the broader ________ and implications.

A tool which sits in the family of thematic analysis is the _________ method. This provides a _______ for managing and mapping data.

A 
analyse
themes
flexible
theoretical
interpret
meanings

framework
system

21
Q

APPROACHES

List the seven stages of the framework method

A
  1. transcription
  2. familiarisation with the interviews (including re-listening and reflective notes)
  3. coding
  4. developing working analytical framework
  5. applying the analytical framework
  6. charting data into framework matrix
  7. interpreting the data
22
Q

APPROACHES

Framework analysis stage 3: coding

The researcher applies a _____ or code to describe what they have interpreted. This is to _____ the data for it to be ______ to other parts of the data.

These codes can refer to:

  • substantive things (________)
  • _______ (beliefs, attitudes)
  • _______ (fear, frustration, etc)

_______ coding from multiple team members is important.

A

label
classify
compared

behaviour
values
emotions

independent

23
Q

APPROACHES

Framework analysis stage 4 and 5: developing a working analytical framework and applying this framework.

After coding a few transcripts, team members should meet to agree on a ____ of codes. Some codes may be ______ together. This working framework may undergo several ______.

This framework is then applied to the _______. Special software can be used.

A

set
grouped
changes

transcripts

24
Q

APPROACHES

Framework analysis stage 6: charting data into the framework matrix.

Qualitative research involves lots of _____ which has to be managed. Spreadsheets are often used to generate a _____ to chart data. This provides a ______ so the researcher can make sense of the data. It should include _______ quotes.

Rows = \_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Columns = \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ or codes
Cells = \_\_\_\_\_\_
A

data
matrix
structure
illustrative

cases
themes
quotes

25
Q

APPROACHES

Framework analysis stage 7: Interpreting the data.

This identifies overarching _______ and _________.

A

themes

relationships

26
Q

ENSURING RIGOUR

It is important in qualitative research to use the appropriate methods to maximise ______ and ______.

It is important to capture _____ views, not __________ views. To do this, we have to recruit a range of participants through ________ sampling (age, gender, SES, etc). New variables emerge in _______ and this may prompt ________ sampling. Sampling continues until ________ (no new themes emerging).

It is also important that the interviewer is suitably ______ in qualitative methods and becomes ________ in the data.

In coding, _______ researchers should code some of the transcripts to ensure ________ and improve the coding ______ (which groups key themes or concepts). The final coding frame should be ________ applied to all data at the end.

It is important to map ________ between themes in analysis to explain findings. Ensure themes/concepts/relationships are supported by the _____ and not your assumptions. This can be done by providing _______ for the themes/concepts (illustrative ______).

A ______ check can be used. This involves _________, where the same issues are compared from _______ sources, methods, etc. Further, member _______ can be conducted to review the researcher’s ________ of the data.

REFLEXIVE PRACTICE???

A

validity
reliability

all
representative

purposive
analysis
further
saturation

trained
immersed

multiple
reliability

frame
systematically

relationships
data
evidence
quotes

validity
triangulation
multiple
checking
interpretation
27
Q

ENSURING RIGOUR

How can rigour be ensured in the framework method?

A
  1. Immersion
  2. Team-based coding
  3. Participant experiences - in charting use participants’ own expressions to describe the data
  4. Systematic analysis
  5. Including contextual data - matrix has to be flexible enough to include non-interview data (field notes or reflexive practice)
  6. Audit-trail (from original raw data to final themes)
28
Q

There are some limitations to the framework method, including:

  • temptation to _______ (with the systematic approach, matrix format, etc)
  • time ________ and uses lots of _______.
  • high _______ needs (to successfully use the method)
A

quantify
consuming
resources
training

Cogx Applied Psychology (25 decks)

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