Health - Qualitative Research Flashcards
In science, it’s important to use the right _________ for the question. Whilst quantitative research asks who, what and how many, qualitative research asks _____ and ______.
Quantitative research is based on _________. This states that facts and values are _______ and that it is possible to conduct _______ and value-free research as the results are ________ by the researcher. This is ________ to the public.
Qualitative research is based on ________ where the researcher and the social world _______. It does not recognise that facts and values are ______ and acknowledges that the results are ________ by the researcher’s values. Hence, this research is not ________ and ____ generalisable to the public.
Both qualitative and quantitative _______ each other out. Each have their own _______ and weaknesses.
methodology
why
how
positivism distinct objective unaffected generalisable
interpretivism interacts distinct affected objective less
balance
strengths
Qualitative vs Quantitative - goals
Qual - to understand and interpret a phenomenon in rich detail - explore phenomenon
Quan - to test and confirm hypotheses, determine cause and effect, quantify, make predictions
Qualitative vs Quantitative - variables
Qual - holistic rather than isolated variables
Quan - specific, individual variables
Qualitative vs Quantitative - data format
Qual - words, pictures, objects
Quan - numbers
Qualitative vs Quantitative - question format
Qual - open
Quan - closed
Qualitative vs Quantitative - study design flexibility
Qual - flexible and iterative (arriving at a decision or a desired result by repeating rounds of analysis or a cycle of operations)
Quan - fixed design from beginning to end - follow the recipe
Qualitative vs Quantitative - sampling
Qual - small, purposive sampling, reflects diversity of population, or snowball effect to access hidden communities
Quan - large, random sample, probability sampling to statistically represent population
Qualitative vs Quantitative - data collection
Qual - dynamic process - interactive and responsive to emergent topics (adjust questions based on responses)
Quan - static process - questions are pre-formulated
Qualitative vs Quantitative - analysis
Qual - content analysis - identify themes, patterns, relationships, and underlying explanations
Quan - statistical analysis - identify relationships between variables and the strength of these relationships
Qualitative vs Quantitative - theory
Qual - build theory as data is collected
Quan - consider theory before collecting data
Qualitative research is used when
- ______ is known about a topic; limited ______.
- gain a particular ________ on the topic (from a particular group)
- when you want to _______ quantitative results.
- identify relevant ________ items - item generation - developing a new _______ - need to understand the problem to develop relevant questions for it.
little theory perspective explain questionnaire items measure
Common features of qualitative research
It uses _______ reasoning (uses observation to formulate theory, explores), not ______ reasoning (using known theory and applying it, focus on causality, theory/hypothesis —> confirmation)
It has a _____ validity (measures what it’s supposed to measure) but a _____ reliability (inconsistent results given same conditions)
Eg: describing perceptions of chemo accurately, but different rounds of treatment explained differently.
Generally, qualitative research is a _______ process (can go back and forth)
inductive
deductive
high
low
non-linear
METHODS
Name some methods used in qualitative research
- interviews
- observation - overt or covert
- document analysis
- oral histories
METHODS
There are several interview types used, including:
- _______ interview (set questions, set order), which is usually conducted when you have _____ knowledge of the topic
- semi-structured interview - uses _____ questions and _____ to gain further insight.
- ______ interview - covers one or two issues in detail. Interviewee often leads.
- _____ groups - capitalises on the _______ between group participants.
structured good open prompts in-depth focus communication
METHODS
Sampling in qualitative research is ________. This means participants are selected according to ______ criteria relevant to the research question. This ensures participants have the ________ or _______ that the researcher’s seek.
However, often researchers do ________ sampling because of practicalities with access, location, time, willingness, etc. It is ____ and _____.
Snowballing can also be used to recruit a sample that is _______ or ______. Influential people in these communities can give access to “______” populations.
Finally, _______ sampling is used in ______ theory studies. The research starts from ________ (small) sample and moves to more ________ (larger) sample. This occurs alongside data ______.
purposive
pre-selected
knowledge
experience
convenience
fast
easy
marginalised
stigmatised
hidden
theoretical grounded homogenous heterogenous analysis
How do you know if you have enough data in qualitative research?
Data saturation - researcher keeps sampling and analysing until no new data/themes appear. Usually wait until there are 3 consecutive interviews with no further information.
Member checking - go back and check themes with some participants to see if it resonates with them.
APPROACHES
Grounded theory is an approach often used in _____ research.
Aims: to collect and analyse data to describe the _______ of a phenomenon, the ________ between then and generate a ______ of the phenomenon that is “_______” in the data.
Methods: complex _______ process. Involves identifying/describing and relating codes to each other (________), recording thoughts and ideas as they evolve (________), and making sense of the data according to the emerging theory using ________.
health
components
relationships
theory
grounded
iterative
coding
memoing
diagrams
APPROACHES
Interpretive ___________ Analysis (IPA) aims to examine participants ________, personal experience and _______ of an event. It seeks to understand _______ experiences.
In it’s methods, it uses _____ questions to look for meaning for that person.
It may not have obvious ________, as the main goal is to describe phenomena and improve understanding.
Phenomonological
lifeworld
perception
lived
open
conclusion
APPROACHES
Ethnography seeks to understand human ______ and individuals’ _______ within a group _______. Usually this is done from the “_______”, or using _______. The ethnographer becomes ________ in the culture and records extensively.
behaviour experiences culture outside observation immersed
APPROACHES
Thematic analysis is another useful approach to identify, _______ and report patterns or _______. It is very _______ and not bound to a particular ________ approach. After describing the data, researchers ________ the broader ________ and implications.
A tool which sits in the family of thematic analysis is the _________ method. This provides a _______ for managing and mapping data.
analyse themes flexible theoretical interpret meanings
framework
system
APPROACHES
List the seven stages of the framework method
- transcription
- familiarisation with the interviews (including re-listening and reflective notes)
- coding
- developing working analytical framework
- applying the analytical framework
- charting data into framework matrix
- interpreting the data
APPROACHES
Framework analysis stage 3: coding
The researcher applies a _____ or code to describe what they have interpreted. This is to _____ the data for it to be ______ to other parts of the data.
These codes can refer to:
- substantive things (________)
- _______ (beliefs, attitudes)
- _______ (fear, frustration, etc)
_______ coding from multiple team members is important.
label
classify
compared
behaviour
values
emotions
independent
APPROACHES
Framework analysis stage 4 and 5: developing a working analytical framework and applying this framework.
After coding a few transcripts, team members should meet to agree on a ____ of codes. Some codes may be ______ together. This working framework may undergo several ______.
This framework is then applied to the _______. Special software can be used.
set
grouped
changes
transcripts
APPROACHES
Framework analysis stage 6: charting data into the framework matrix.
Qualitative research involves lots of _____ which has to be managed. Spreadsheets are often used to generate a _____ to chart data. This provides a ______ so the researcher can make sense of the data. It should include _______ quotes.
Rows = \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ Columns = \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ or codes Cells = \_\_\_\_\_\_
data
matrix
structure
illustrative
cases
themes
quotes
