Health - Models Flashcards
Health is a complex, _______ concept extending beyond _________ aspects. It is physical, _______ and social well-being.
There are biomedical models of illness which state that illnesses have an underlying ______, and the removal of this leads to restored ______. But these may be too _________ and reductionist as it ignores different ______ to illness.
Hence, _________ illness models were developed to incorporate psychological and ______ factors, along with ________ ones to understand health better.
multi-faceted
biological
mental
pathology
health
mechanistic
responses
biopsychosocial
social
biological
Health psychology is the interdisciplinary field which ______ psychological knowledge to health. It seeks to understand why people _____ healthy, initially become _____ and/or their ______ if they do become ill.
applies
stay
ill/sick
response
Health psychology uses models to ______ and ______ why people engage in health ______ or health ________ behaviours.
These identify influences on health that are _______ and hence potential _______ for health interventions. These have to be ______-_____.
explain
predict
risk
enhancing
modifiable
targets
evidence-based
What 3 main categories can models be divided into and what models are in each of these?
- Stage based models
- transtheoretical model - Social cognitive models
- health belief model
- theory of planned behaviour - Models focused on post-intentional behaviour
- health action process approach
- temporal self-regulation theory
STAGE BASED MODELS
The Transtheoretical Model involves 5-7 ______ of change. These stages are ______, and are ordered so each successive one denotes greater ________ to change. The model is not _____, and you can exit/enter at any time and often _____ stages.
Assumptions are that:
(1) People ______ through stages of change and not be ______ at one stage.
(2) The ________ involved at each stage differs.
stages distinct inclination linear repeat
move
stuck
processes
STAGE BASED MODELS
Name the 7 stages of change in the transtheoretical model and expand on these.
- Precontemplation - no intention of taking action - denial - low self-efficacy
- Contemplation - intends to take action - seeks information BUT can still underestimate susceptibility
- Preparation - intends to take action and has taken some steps in this direction (sets goals/priorities/plans). Motivation and self-efficacy here are crucial.
- Action - has changed behaviour - realistic goal setting is crucial here for maintenance
- Maintenance - has changed for more than 6 months - self-monitoring and reinforcement helps
- Termination - maintained for long enough that the person is not tempted to lapse
- Relapse - when a person lapses back into a previous stage. Very common with stress
STAGE BASED MODELS
What does the transtheoretical model mean for health interventions?
It involves discrete stages so this means that different interventions are appropriate at different stages of health behaviour change.
AND there is little point showing someone how to achieve change if they are in precontemplation stage.
STAGE BASED MODELS
What are the pros and cons of the transtheoretical model?
pros
- simple, discrete stage
- strong focus on motivation and intention
cons
- stages not necessarily distinct - an individual could be in several stages simultaneously
- does not take past behaviour into consideration - which is a strong indicator for future behaviour
- does not consider severity of illness (addiction), social aspects (lifestyle) or individual characteristics.
- assumes people are logical and rational and that you just need to be aware of these stages to promote change.
SOCIAL COGNITIVE MODELS
The Health Belief Model (HBM) focused on _______ and ______ to try and explain health behavious. It is very commonly used. According to the model, a person’s ______ to take a health action (engage in a health behaviour) is based on six factors (originally four factors). These are influenced by _______ variables (age, gender, etc) and _______ variables.
attitudes
beliefs
readiness
demographic
psychosocial
SOCIAL COGNITIVE MODELS
What are the six factors that influence health behaviour according to the Health Belief Model (HBM)?
Severity of the disease Susceptibility of the disease Benefits of taking action Barriers to action Cues to action Health motivation
–> another diagram also included self-efficacy (grouped under “individual perceptions” along with the first 4 above)
SOCIAL COGNITIVE MODELS
What are some pros/cons of the Health Belief Model (HBM)?
pros
- takes into account people’s attitudes and beliefs
cons
- static model - does not allow for different stages or dynamic process of changing beliefs (people change their mind all the time)
- assumes people are rational with information processing and decision-making (often decisions are not a well-thought out process based on the evidence)
- limited description of social influences
SOCIAL COGNITIVE MODELS
The establishment of the Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB) was the first time a theory incorporated ________. This model stipulates that behaviour is predominantly determined by ________.
This intention is influenced by a person’s:
(1) ________ towards the behaviour ( outcome ______, outcome ______)
(2) their perception of social _______ regarding the behaviour (________ norm)
(3) a person’s belief that they have internal/external ______ over their own behaviour (perceived _______ ______). This is very similar to ___-_______ and can _______ or ________ influence health behaviour.
Again, these 3 factors are influenced by _________ (eg: age, gender), _______ and past ________.
intention
intention
attitude expectancy evaluation (or value) expectations/pressures subjective
control behavioural control self-efficacy directly indirectly
demographics
personality
experience
SOCIAL COGNITIVE MODELS
The Theory of Planned Behaviour
Attitude is made up of two components. Name and explain both of these. Give an example.
Outcome Expectancy - expected consequences of the health behaviour (+/-)
Outcome Evaluation - subjective evaluation of the favourableness of the expected consequences of the behaviour
Eg: If I eat breakfast I will gain weight and that would be bad.
Eg: If I eat breakfast I’ll have more energy which would be great
SOCIAL COGNITIVE MODELS
The Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB)
Subjective Norm is made up of two components - name and explain these and give an example.
Normative beliefs - perception of how other people view you if you perform the behaviour
Motivation to comply - your desire to comply with these norms
Eg: my friends think I should drink and I want to do this so they think I’m cool
Eg: my friends think I should drink but I really don’t care what they think
SOCIAL COGNITIVE MODELS
The Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB)
Perceived Behavioural Control - this is quite similar to ____-_______. It is the belief about the ______ of you control over your ________. Especially when faced with _______.
Eg: I believe I can use a condom correctly, even in the heat of the moment.
self-efficacy
extent
behaviour
barriers
SOCIAL COGNITIVE MODELS
The Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB)
Intention is the main ________ of behaviour, with all other factors influencing this. It is defined as your _______ to perform a behaviour.
predictor
readiness
SOCIAL COGNITIVE MODELS
What are the pros/cons of the Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB)?
pros
- very thorough, really incorporates weaknesses of Health Belief and Transtheoretical models
- includes social influences and personality
- relationship between variables is well–defined
- considered self-efficacy - whether the individual feels able to perform the behaviour
cons
- there is still a large gap between intention and engaging the in the behaviour
- prediction of intention is good, but not the prediction of behaviour
MODELS OF POST-INTENTIONAL BEHAVIOUR
Health Action Process Approach (HAPA) intends to fill the “intention-behaviour” gap by highlighting the role of ____-______ and ______ ______. The adoption, _________ and maintenance of health behaviour changes is a ________.
First, an _______ must be developed. This is influenced by outcome _________, risk _________ and ____-________. (MOTIVATION PHASE)
Then this intention influences action ________. Various types of ____-______ are also involved. (VOLITION PHASE)
self-efficacy
action planning
initiation
process
intention
expectancy
perception
self-efficacy
planning
self-efficacy
MODELS OF POST-INTENTIONAL BEHAVIOUR
Describe the motivation and volition phases of the Health Action Process Approach (HAPA)
Motivation
- self-efficacy (IMPORTANT influence)
- outcome expectancy (IMPORTANT influence)
- risk perception - personal susceptibility (DISTAL influences - in early thinking/planning))
–> influences/predicts intention
Volition
- action planning
- self-efficacy when taking action
- -> initiative self-efficacy - they are able to take initiative when planned circumstances arise
- -> maintenance - belief that they are able to overcome barriers and temptations
- -> recovery self-efficacy - getting back on track after a setback
MODELS OF POST-INTENTIONAL BEHAVIOUR
What are some cons of the Health Action Process Approach (HAPA)?
- quite a new model, so not much evidence yet
- too rational - emotion not involved, social context, etc
- social and environmental influences not considered (only early on when you initially think/plan things)
MODELS OF POST-INTENTIONAL BEHAVIOUR
What does Temporal Self Regulation Theory (TST) state that intention strength is influenced by?
- Connectedness beliefs
- connections b/w one’s behaviour and substantial outcomes
- the valence of those outcomes (+/-) (costs or benefits)
(What you believe about it and how much you value it) - Temporal valuations/proximity
- health behaviour influenced by long term-goals but is often heavily influenced by immediate costs (inconvenience, monetary, time, etc)
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN VALENCE AND PROXIMITY DIFFERS
Eg: smoking - immediate benefits but delayed costs
Eg: exercise - immediate costs and delayed benefits
MODELS OF POST-INTENTIONAL BEHAVIOUR
Temporal Self Regulation Theory (TST) has two _____ effects on behaviour (regardless of intention), but it also _______ the intention-behaviour relationship. The combination of these determines the ______ that intentions will be translated into ________.
The first is self-______ capacity. This relates to ______ control and management of ______ term desires which is associated with ________ functioning in the PFC (aka exerting control over emotions, cognitions, behaviour, etc)
The second is behavioural ________. This examines the ______ of past performance in similar _______ (or the strength of the ______). It can be ________ according to the ________ of past performance and presence of _____ to action.
Intention _______ also has an effect on behaviour.
direct
moderate
likelihood
behaviour
regulatory
impulse
short
executive
prepotency strength habit contexts quantified frequency cues
strength
