Health - Health Risk and Behaviours

Question 1

What is the distinction between behavioural pathogens and immunogens?

Answer 1

Behavioural pathogens - health damaging/health risk behaviours such as excessive alcohol, smoking and unhealthy diet.

Behavioural immunogens - health protective/enhancing behaviours such as exercise, health screening and healthy diet

Question 2

Why is it important to study health behaviours?

Answer 2

It’s important because it contributes to chronic disease, particularly lifestyle diseases, such as heart disease, stroke, some cancers, etc.

Chronic disease is a burden on patients and the health care system.

It increases death/disability.

Question 3

SMOKING

• Describe the risks and/or benefits associated with the behaviour

Answer 3

Increases risk of:

• coronary heart disease
• stroke
• peripheral vascular disease (leads to amputations)
• cancer

Question 4

SMOKING

Daily smoking in 2001 was ____%, and in 2013 ____%. The proportion of people who had never smoked was ____% in 2001 and _____% in 2013.

Answer 4

19%
13%
51%
60%

Question 5

SMOKING

Those more likely to smoke are in _______ areas, Indigenous Australians, lower ____, and ________ and bisexual.

Answer 5

rural
SES
homosexual

Question 6

SMOKING

Why do people start smoking?

Answer 6

Modelling (peers, siblings, parents)
Social pressure, learning and reinforcement
Weight control
Enjoy risk-taking
Distorted health cognitions (unrealistically optimistic)

Question 7

SMOKING

Why do people continue smoking?

Answer 7

Enjoyment (behaviour, taste, effects)
Habit
Physical/psychological addiction
stress/anxiety
low self-efficacy

Question 8

ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION

For reducing long-term harm, it is recommended that people have no more than ____ glasses a day. For reducing short-term harm, no more than ____ glasses in one go. ONE standard drink is ___ of alcohol.

Answer 8

2
4
10g

Question 9

ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION

Short-term consequences are:

• ________
• ________
• ________

Long-term consequences are:

• ______ disease
• ______
• high _____ _____
• ________
• brain _______

Answer 9

accidents - pedestrian and road
domestic and public violence
crime

liver
cancer
blood pressure
pancreatitis
damage

Question 10

ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION

Short term harm prevalence in 2001 was ____% and in 2013 ____%.

Long term harm prevalence in 2001 was ____% and in 2013 ____%.

Answer 10

29
26
21
18

Question 11

ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION

People more likely to drink are in ______ areas, Indigenous Australians (unless they are ________), from _____ SES backgrounds and homosexual or _______.

Answer 11

rural
abstinent
high
bisexual

Question 12

UNSAFE SEX - condom use

It is recommended that people have _____ STI checks, ______ infectious areas and _______ the ______ of bodily fluids between partners. This can be done with the use of _______ and ______ to prevent breakage.

These measures are useful to prevent _______ and _____ such as HIV, HPV, etc

Answer 12

regular
covering
reducing
transfer
condoms
lubricants

pregnancy
STIs

Question 13

UNSAFE SEX - condom use

Prevalence of condom use in 2002 was ____% and ____% in 2013.

Answer 13

41

49

Question 14

UNSAFE SEX - condom use

What factors are associated with condom use in men? and women?

Why don’t people use protection?

Answer 14

Men - more likely to use if they have many sexual partners

Women

• age - less likely after 30
• increased alcohol consumption

Don’t use because:

1. lack self-efficacy for correct use
2. attitudes - leads to reduced spontaneity or unrealistically positive about their partners and the risk
3. social - embarrassment - difficulty having the conversation - objection from partner - - potentially means their partner thinks they have an STI.

Question 15

EXERCISE

It is recommended that adults do at least ____-_____ minutes per week of ________ activity, which is about _____ minutes a day. Or, ____-____ minutes per week of ________ activity.

Answer 15

150-300
30
moderate
75-150
vigorous

Question 16

EXERCISE

What three physical and psychological benefits does exercise reduce the risk of?

Answer 16

Physical

• cardiovascular disease
• type II diabetes
• cancer

Psychological

• anxiety disorders
• major depressive disorder
• stress

Question 17

EXERCISE

How many Australian were meeting exercise guidelines in 2005? and 2012?

Answer 17

30

43

Question 18

EXERCISE

People meeting exercise guidelines are ______ in age, have a _____ education, _____ SES and in ______ areas.

There are internal reasons for NOT meeting these guidelines, such as low _______, lack of _____ or enjoyment. There are also external factors, such as time constraints, _______ from family, _____ support, and number of ______ neighbours (dog ownership is also good)

Answer 18

younger
high
high
city

self-efficacy
interest
social
active

Question 19

HEALTHY DIET

Women are recommended to eat ___ pieces of fruit a day and ____ serves of vegetables. Men are recommended to eat ____ serves of vegetables. Serving size for fruit is 2 _____ or 1 ______ size. For vegetables it’s ____ a cup cooked or ____ cup raw.

Answer 19

2
5
6
half
one

Question 20

HEALTHY DIET

Reduces the risk of

• ________ heart disease
• ______
• ______ cancer

Answer 20

coronary
stroke
lung

Question 21

HEALTHY DIET

Prevalnce meeting fruit requirements was ____% in 2005 and ____% in 2012. And meeting vegetable requirements in 2005 was ____% and in 2012 ____%.

Those more likely to meet requirements are _____ SES. Also age makes a big difference, with ____% of 5-7 yr olds meeting requirements. This reduces to ____% in 12-34 yr olds and ____% in 55+ yr olds.

Those that don’t meet the requirements are children influenced by their parents, and potentially parents being too _______. Further, there are many perceived or actual barriers. These include:

• lack of _______ or skills
• ______ of prep time
• ______ and availability (eg: rural areas)

There is also some misinformation about ________ diets in that people don’t think they’re going to be getting the correct ______.

For young Australians (12-15 yrs), they are more likely to be eating fruit and vegetables if they have peer and ______ ______, self-efficacy, it’s more _________ in the home.

Answer 21

54
49
14
6

high
55
4
8

permissive
knowledge
length
cost

vegetarian
nutrients

family
support
available

Question 22

HPV VACCINE

Recommended to receive this before being _______ active. It protects against many types of _______, vaginal and ______/throat cancers. Also, ______ and anal cancers and ______ warts.

In 2011 ____% had had all three vaccines aged 12-17, and ____% for those 18-26.

This is influenced by program _______ (it’s in schools in Australia), recommendation from ______, parental concern about _______ and side-effects, and potentially initiation of _______ behaviour.

Answer 22

sexually
cervical
mouth
penile
anal
genital

71
33

location
doctor or nurse
safety
sexual