Health - Health Risk and Behaviours Flashcards
What is the distinction between behavioural pathogens and immunogens?
Behavioural pathogens - health damaging/health risk behaviours such as excessive alcohol, smoking and unhealthy diet.
Behavioural immunogens - health protective/enhancing behaviours such as exercise, health screening and healthy diet
Why is it important to study health behaviours?
It’s important because it contributes to chronic disease, particularly lifestyle diseases, such as heart disease, stroke, some cancers, etc.
Chronic disease is a burden on patients and the health care system.
It increases death/disability.
SMOKING
• Describe the risks and/or benefits associated with the behaviour
Increases risk of:
- coronary heart disease
- stroke
- peripheral vascular disease (leads to amputations)
- cancer
SMOKING
Daily smoking in 2001 was ____%, and in 2013 ____%. The proportion of people who had never smoked was ____% in 2001 and _____% in 2013.
19%
13%
51%
60%
SMOKING
Those more likely to smoke are in _______ areas, Indigenous Australians, lower ____, and ________ and bisexual.
rural
SES
homosexual
SMOKING
Why do people start smoking?
Modelling (peers, siblings, parents)
Social pressure, learning and reinforcement
Weight control
Enjoy risk-taking
Distorted health cognitions (unrealistically optimistic)
SMOKING
Why do people continue smoking?
Enjoyment (behaviour, taste, effects) Habit Physical/psychological addiction stress/anxiety low self-efficacy
ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION
For reducing long-term harm, it is recommended that people have no more than ____ glasses a day. For reducing short-term harm, no more than ____ glasses in one go. ONE standard drink is ___ of alcohol.
2
4
10g
ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION
Short-term consequences are:
- ________
- ________
- ________
Long-term consequences are:
- ______ disease
- ______
- high _____ _____
- ________
- brain _______
accidents - pedestrian and road
domestic and public violence
crime
liver cancer blood pressure pancreatitis damage
ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION
Short term harm prevalence in 2001 was ____% and in 2013 ____%.
Long term harm prevalence in 2001 was ____% and in 2013 ____%.
29
26
21
18
ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION
People more likely to drink are in ______ areas, Indigenous Australians (unless they are ________), from _____ SES backgrounds and homosexual or _______.
rural
abstinent
high
bisexual
UNSAFE SEX - condom use
It is recommended that people have _____ STI checks, ______ infectious areas and _______ the ______ of bodily fluids between partners. This can be done with the use of _______ and ______ to prevent breakage.
These measures are useful to prevent _______ and _____ such as HIV, HPV, etc
regular covering reducing transfer condoms lubricants
pregnancy
STIs
UNSAFE SEX - condom use
Prevalence of condom use in 2002 was ____% and ____% in 2013.
41
49
UNSAFE SEX - condom use
What factors are associated with condom use in men? and women?
Why don’t people use protection?
Men - more likely to use if they have many sexual partners
Women
- age - less likely after 30
- increased alcohol consumption
Don’t use because:
- lack self-efficacy for correct use
- attitudes - leads to reduced spontaneity or unrealistically positive about their partners and the risk
- social - embarrassment - difficulty having the conversation - objection from partner - - potentially means their partner thinks they have an STI.
EXERCISE
It is recommended that adults do at least ____-_____ minutes per week of ________ activity, which is about _____ minutes a day. Or, ____-____ minutes per week of ________ activity.
150-300 30 moderate 75-150 vigorous
EXERCISE
What three physical and psychological benefits does exercise reduce the risk of?
Physical
- cardiovascular disease
- type II diabetes
- cancer
Psychological
- anxiety disorders
- major depressive disorder
- stress
EXERCISE
How many Australian were meeting exercise guidelines in 2005? and 2012?
30
43
EXERCISE
People meeting exercise guidelines are ______ in age, have a _____ education, _____ SES and in ______ areas.
There are internal reasons for NOT meeting these guidelines, such as low _______, lack of _____ or enjoyment. There are also external factors, such as time constraints, _______ from family, _____ support, and number of ______ neighbours (dog ownership is also good)
younger
high
high
city
self-efficacy
interest
social
active
HEALTHY DIET
Women are recommended to eat ___ pieces of fruit a day and ____ serves of vegetables. Men are recommended to eat ____ serves of vegetables. Serving size for fruit is 2 _____ or 1 ______ size. For vegetables it’s ____ a cup cooked or ____ cup raw.
2 5 6 half one
HEALTHY DIET
Reduces the risk of
- ________ heart disease
- ______
- ______ cancer
coronary
stroke
lung
HEALTHY DIET
Prevalnce meeting fruit requirements was ____% in 2005 and ____% in 2012. And meeting vegetable requirements in 2005 was ____% and in 2012 ____%.
Those more likely to meet requirements are _____ SES. Also age makes a big difference, with ____% of 5-7 yr olds meeting requirements. This reduces to ____% in 12-34 yr olds and ____% in 55+ yr olds.
Those that don’t meet the requirements are children influenced by their parents, and potentially parents being too _______. Further, there are many perceived or actual barriers. These include:
- lack of _______ or skills
- ______ of prep time
- ______ and availability (eg: rural areas)
There is also some misinformation about ________ diets in that people don’t think they’re going to be getting the correct ______.
For young Australians (12-15 yrs), they are more likely to be eating fruit and vegetables if they have peer and ______ ______, self-efficacy, it’s more _________ in the home.
54
49
14
6
high
55
4
8
permissive
knowledge
length
cost
vegetarian
nutrients
family
support
available
HPV VACCINE
Recommended to receive this before being _______ active. It protects against many types of _______, vaginal and ______/throat cancers. Also, ______ and anal cancers and ______ warts.
In 2011 ____% had had all three vaccines aged 12-17, and ____% for those 18-26.
This is influenced by program _______ (it’s in schools in Australia), recommendation from ______, parental concern about _______ and side-effects, and potentially initiation of _______ behaviour.
sexually cervical mouth penile anal genital
71
33
location
doctor or nurse
safety
sexual
