Health Promotion of the Adolescent and Family

Question 1

Promoting optimal growth and development

Answer 1

-Complex interplay of biologic, cognitive, psychologic, and social change, perhaps more so than at any other time of life
-Change on multiple: biologic maturation, cognitive development, psychological development
-Misguided views of adolescence: raging hormones determine behaviors, risky and misguided behavior is the norm

Question 2

Adolescence phases

Answer 2

-Early: ages 11-14 (physical changes and emotional responses to puberty)
-Middle: ages 15-17 (transition from adult-caregiver to peer-dominant orientation, often w/ intense self-focus preoccupations and experimentation w/ music, technology, dress and physical appearance)
-Late (young adulthood): ages 18-22 (full physical maturation and transition toward adult behaviors, sustainable emotional and intimate relationships and critical thinking skills to independently manage health care, career and responsibilities)

Question 3

Pubertal sexual maturation

Answer 3

-Tanner stages 1-5
-Sequence is predictable
-Age of occurrence varies
-Average age of menarche in US: 12.55 for caucasian, 12.06 y for african american, 12.24 for mexican american

Question 4

Tanner stages of development

Answer 4

-Stages 1-5
-Growth for the breasts, penis, testes, and body hair

Question 5

Physiologic growth during puberty

Answer 5

-Pubertal growth spurt
-Gains in growth: final 20-25% of linear growth, up to 50% of ideal adult body weight
-Heart, blood volume, systolic BP increase in size and strength
-HR decreases
-Respiratory vital capacity increases
-Change in BMR

Question 6

Piaget

Answer 6

-Formal operational thinking: ages 11-14
-Abstract terms, possibilities, and hypotheses
-Decision-making abilities increase
-May not use formal operational thought and reasoned decision making all the time – “choices”

Question 7

Adolescent conceptions of self

Answer 7

-Adolescent egocentrism
-Self-absorption
-Health-related beliefs: imaginary audience (everyone is watching me), personal fable (won’t happen to me)
-Changes in social cognition: understanding of others’ thoughts and feelings, mutual role taking, effect on health-related choices

Question 8

Development: value autonomy

Answer 8

• Struggle to clarify values
  -Development of a personal value system
  -Gradual process in late adolescence
  -Development of autonomy: Emotional, Cognitive, Behavioral

Question 9

Development: moral

Answer 9

-Parallels advances in reasoning and social cognition
-Conventional level of moral reasoning
-Principled moral reasoning

Question 10

Development: spiritual

Answer 10

-Religious beliefs may become more abstract during adolescence
-Late adolescents may reexamine and reevaluate beliefs and values of their childhood

Question 11

Development: identity

Answer 11

-Interactions with others
-Experiences within social environment
-Family and cultural variations

Question 12

Development: autonomy

Answer 12

-Emotional, cognitive & behavioral components
-Progression of decision-making abilities
-Three phase progression: No longer rush to parents for advice or comfort when worried or upset, No longer see their parents/caregivers as all-knowing or all-
powerful, Invest more emotional energy in relationships outside their family
-Be wary of “stereotyping” of rebellion

Question 13

Development: sexuality

Answer 13

-Hormonal, physical, cognitive, & social changes affect sexual development
-Body image
-Gender identity
-Sexual orientation: Developmental milestones

Question 14

Development: intimacy

Answer 14

-Intimate relationship begins to emerge in adolescence
-Early dating relationships: Ritualized “scripts”

Question 15

Peer groups

Answer 15

-Significance in socialization
-Significance in development
-Value placed on peer relationships

Question 16

Schools

Answer 16

-Play increasingly important role in preparation
for adulthood
-Parental involvement in schools
-Effect of academic success or failure on self-
esteem

Question 17

Social environment: technology

Answer 17

-Internet chat rooms and social networking sites have created “virtual” communities
-Try out identities and
interpersonal skills with wider network of people
-Anonymity
-Risks

Question 18

Social environment: community and society

Answer 18

-Media influences
-Community’s economic
resources play role in health and well-being of young people
-Resources for health promotion

Question 19

Promoting optimal health during adolescence

Answer 19

-Empowering individuals, families, and communities
-Power, authority, and opportunities to
make healthy choices
-Risk reduction in areas of mental health, substance use, sexual behavior,
violence, unintentional injury, nutrition, physical activity and fitness, and oral
health

Question 20

Health concerns

Answer 20

-Parenting and family adjustment
-Psychosocial adjustment
-Intentional and unintentional injury
-Dietary habits, eating disorders, and obesity
-Physical fitness
-Sexual behavior, STDs, and unintended pregnancy
-Use of tobacco, alcohol, and other substances
-Depression and suicide
Physical, sexual, and emotional abuse
-School and learning problems
-Hypertension
-Hyperlipidemia
-Infectious diseases/immunizations
-Sleep deprivation and insomnia
-Tanning

Question 21

Health promotion among special groups of
adolescents

Answer 21

-Minority adolescents
-Cultural considerations
-Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual & Transgender Adolescents
-Rural adolescents

Question 22

Factors that promote adolescent health and well-being

Answer 22

-Nurturing protective factors
-Within family & community
-Safe intellectual stimulating schools
-Potential positive impact of social interactions

Question 23

Nursing care management

Answer 23

-Address developmental and health needs
-Collaboration with community, parents, and the adolescent
-Delivery of culturally appropriate health-promotion interventions
-Support and guidance for parents
-Health promotion special groups: Minority adolescents, Gay, lesbian, and bisexual adolescents, Rural adolescents