Health And Medicine RENAISSANCE PERIOD - History

Question 1

Renaissance Inventions

Answer 1

Printing press (Gutenburg) - allowed new ideas to spread quickly around Europe, meant more education and communication
Gunpowder - New types of wounds, needed new ways to cure them.

Question 2

New land discovery

Answer 2

Explorers, sailors and merchants used more accurate maps, new foods and medicines were brought back.

Question 3

New learning

Answer 3

New methods of learning, observation, hypothesis and experimentation

Question 4

Andreas Vesalius

Answer 4

1537 physician Improved Galen’s ideas. Performed dissections. Discovered many bones and muscles, and named them (Father of anatomy)

Question 5

Ambrois Pare

Answer 5

1537 ran out of oil to treat soldier, improvised and healed better. Wrote surgical books. Promoted use of ligatures in amputation. Designed false limbs for wounded soldiers

Question 6

William Harvey

Answer 6

1578-1657. Discovered that blood circulated, increased knowledge of heart through dissection, began to understand how muscles worked through observing animals. Proved Galen wrong. Transplants, transfusions and blood tests were later developed thanks to him

Question 7

The Great Plague period, cause and where it began

Answer 7

1665-1666, caused by Yersinia Pestis (fleas) and Trade. Began in East Asia

Question 8

What did people think caused the Great Plague

Answer 8

Punishment from God for their sins.
Bad air
Alignments of Planets

Question 9

Ways of prevention of the Great Plague

Answer 9

Patients were bled with leeches
people smoked to stay away from ‘poisonous air’
smelled sponges soaked in vinegar
Remedies made with snakes and scorpions to ‘draw out poison’

Question 10

Nurses in the 18th century

Answer 10

Florence Nightingale - Nurses needed to be better trained as people began to carry out more surgeries
She made important changes to hospitals in the 18th century
Nurse in Crimean War - 1854
Founded ‘Nightingale School Of Nursing’

Question 11

John Hunter

Answer 11

1728-1793. Surgeon at St.George’s Hospital, London. Trained and taught surgeons, observed and carried out experiments. Collected specimens including stuffed animals, disease organs and human body parts

Question 12

What did John Hunter deal with?

Answer 12

Gunshots. Developed ideas on ailments. Learnt Human Anatomy and dissection. He taught Edward Jenner and cured smallpox

Question 13

Difference between anaesthetics and antispectics

Answer 13

anaesthetics - pain relief
antiseptics - cleanliness

Question 14

Aseptic Surgery

Answer 14

Germs that are not let into surgical environments. Surgeons had to be well scrubbed, wearing gowns and new, thin flexible gloves and using well sterilised instruments.

Question 15

Joseph Lister

Answer 15

1827-1912. Professor of surgery, realised operations went well as long as they were kept free from infection
Asked Thomas Anderson for a chemical that’ll kill bacteria – Carbolic acid

Question 16

Reaction in Britain to Lister’s ideas

Answer 16

published results giving details of patients with compound, none of whom died of infection
Publicised Pasteur’s germ theory
Claimed that infection in wounds is caused by microbes in the air
Claimed that cause of Sepsis came from outside the body, not from Spontaneous Generation

Question 17

Spontaneous Generation

Answer 17

The idea that disease could suddenly appear from nowhere - it just happened

Question 18

Joseph Lister opposition

Answer 18

Unpleasant nature of Carbolic acid on skin
Other surgeons thought that their methods worked as just as well
By late 1860’s, antiseptic chemicals were widely used
Charlton Bastian - Championed Spontaneous Generation. Lectured against Listerism
Doctors didn’t like Pasteur’s germ theory and there weren’t many opinions about the role of microbes

Question 19

Anti-Contagionists

Answer 19

Believed that epidemics, like Cholera, Typhoid and Plague were caused when infections interacted with the environment. Solution was to clean up the area, move hospitals and ventilated air. Florence Nightingale and William Farr

Question 20

Contagionists

Answer 20

Believed infection spread by contact with an infected person or bacteria. Thought epidemics could be controlled by quarantine or preventing contact. John Simon believed this

Question 21

Louis Pasteur

Answer 21

1822-95. Investigated why wine and beer went sour. He designed experiments to show that if air was kept out of the swan neck of a flask, the liquid would not go off. Concluded that bacteria was the real cause, biological process. Published his Germ Theory