Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Year 3 - MedEd Lectures > Headache > Flashcards

Headache Flashcards

1
Q

How do tension headaches typically present?

A

Generalised, bilateral headaches that feel like a ‘tight band’

Anaglesics are useful

Associated with stress and disturbed sleep

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

How should you manage Tension headaches?

A

Conservative - Avoid Triggers and Analgesia

Look out for Medication-Overuse Headaches

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

How do Migraines present?

A

Unilateral, Paroxysmal

Pulsating

Aura, Photophobia, Phonophobia

Visual Changes, Tingling, Numbness

Sitting in a dark, quiet room helps

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What can trigger migraines?

A

CHOCOLATE

Hangovers

Orgasms

Cheese/Caffeine

Oral Contraceptive

Lie-ins

Alcohol

Travel

Exercise

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

How do you manage a Migraine?

A

Conservative

Acute Medical - Simple Analgesics, Triptans

Preventative - Beta Blockers, Antiepileptics (topiramate), Amitryptiline (Antidepressant)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

How do Cluster Headaches present?

A

Recurrent, Sever, Unilateral Headaches.

Cyclical Pattern

Typically Behind the eye

The eye may become red and water

Ptosis, Nasal Congestion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is Trigeminal Neuralgia?

A

Facial pain in the distribution of 2 or more of the divisions of the Trigeminal Nerve.

Associated with Multiple Sclerosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are the triggers of Trigeminal Neuralgia?

A

Things that compress the affected area:

Eating

Washing your face

Brushing Teeth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

How does trigeminal neuralgia present?

A

Unilateral headache along the trigeminal division

Lasts for a few seconds

Stabbing, shooting pains

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are the most common causes of meningitis in babies?

A

E.Coli

Group B Strep

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are the most common causes of meningitis in children?

A

H. influenzae

Strep. pneumoniae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is the most common cause of meningitis in adults?

A

Neisseria meningitidis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are the most common causes of meningitis in the elderly?

A

Strep. pneumoniae

Listeria monocytogenes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

How does meningitis typically present?

A

Meningism - Neck Stiffness, photophobia

Fever

Non-blanching rash

Vomiting

Seizures

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is Kernig’s Sign?

A

Passive Knee extension is painful when the hips are flexed.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is Brudzinski’s Sign?

A

Flexion of the hips and knees occurs when the neck is flexed.

17
Q

What does the presence of a non-blanching rash indicate in meningitis?

A

Meningococcal cause

18
Q

How should you investigate a suspected case of Meningitis?

A

1) CT if focal neurological signs are observed.
2) CSF Analysis if not

19
Q

How will CSF appear in Bacterial meningitis?

A

Turbid

Neutrophils (Polymorphs)

Low Glucose

High Protein

20
Q

How will CSF appear in Viral Meningitis?

A

Clear

Lymphocytes

Normal Glucose and Protein (Protein may also be high)

21
Q

How will CSF appear in TB Meningitis?

A

Fibrin Web

Raised Lymphocytes

Low Glucose

Raised Protein

22
Q

How should you manage a case of Meningitis?

A

Benzylpenicillin IV/IM instantly & refer to hospital if Bacterial Meningitis suspected.

Broad Spectrum Antibiotics (Ceftriaxone, Benzylpenicillin, Acyclovir - if viral)

IV dexamethasone to reduce cerebral oedema.

23
Q

What can cause Encephalitis?

A

Viral - HSV, CMV, EBV, HIV, Measles

Non-Viral - Bacterial Meningitis, TB, Malaria, Listeria, Lyme Disease, Legionella

24
Q

How does Encephalitis present?

A

Acute-Onset

Fever

Headache

Altered Mental State - Memory, personality, psychiatric changes, impaired consciousness

Seizures

Focal Neurological Signs

25
Q

How do you investigate a suspected case of Encephalitis?

A

LP

Bloods

EEG

CT/MRI

26
Q

What can cause raised ICP?

A

Space-Occupying Lesion - Tumour, Abscess, Haemorrhage

Hydrocephalus

27
Q

How does raised ICP present?

A

Headache - Bilateral, Gradual, Throbbing, Worse in the morning

Vomiting

Altered GCS

Seizures

28
Q

Which signs may you see in a patient with raised ICP?

A

Focal Neurological Signs

Papilloedema

Cushing’s Reflex (SBP raise, Irregular Breathing, Bradycardia)

‘Cheyne-Stokes Respiration’

29
Q

How should you investigate a suspected case of Raised ICP?

A

Urgent CT Head

30
Q

How does an Extradural Haemorrhage typically present?

A

Post-Trauma, commonly shearing of the Middle Meningeal Artery

Acute headache, followed by a Lucid Interval

Increasingly severe headache

31
Q

How do you investigate a suspected Extradural Haemorrhage?

A

Urgent Non-Contrast CT scan - Lemon Shaped

32
Q

How do Subdural Haemorrhages typically present?

A

Elderly and Alcoholics (Brain Atrophy)

Gradual onset, continuous headache

Fluctuating Consciousness

Confusion

Personality Changes

Raised ICP

33
Q

How would you investigate a suspected Subdural Haemorrhage?

A

Urgent non-contrast CT-Head - Banana Shape

34
Q

How should you manage a Subdural Haemorrhage?

A

ABCDE & Neurosurgery referal

Admit, Observe and monitor

Follow-Up CT in 2-3 Weeks

Prophylactic Antiepileptics

If Large, Burr Hole/Craniotomy (10mm or more)

35
Q

How do Sub-Arachnoid Haemorrhages present?

A

Sudden-Onset Worst ever headache

Thunderclap presentation

Meningism

Raised ICP

36
Q

What are the main risk factors for SAH?

A

Polycystic Kidney Disease

Alcohol

Smoking

Hypertension

37
Q

How would you investigate a suspected SAH?

A

Urgent Non-contrast CT Head

Within 12 Hours, sensitivity decreases with time

If CT is normal, Lumbar Puncture

Xanthochromia & Oxyhaemoglobin

38
Q

How do CNS tumours generally present?

A

Headache - Bilateral, Gradual, Throbbing, Morning

FLAWS

Weakness

Focal Neurological Signs

39
Q

How should you investigate a suspected Brain Tumour?

A

CT/MRI

CXR, CT Thorax, Abdo and Pelvis

Biopsy (Definitive)

Year 3 - MedEd Lectures (29 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions