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GI cancers > hard questions endo part 2 > Flashcards

hard questions endo part 2 Flashcards

1
Q

2 mechanisms of t2dm

A

RESISTANCE AND LESS PRODUCTION (beta cell fialure)

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2
Q

3 methods of measuring glucose?

A

HB1AC, ORAL GLUCOSE TOLERANCE, FASTING GLUCOSE

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3
Q

how can adiposity lead to insulin resistance

A

ADIPOSE RELEASES PROINFLAMMATORYH CYTOKINES

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4
Q

3 other factors affecting pathophysiology of t2dm

A

DIET GENES, UTERINE AND ADULT ENVIRONMENT, PRESECE OF FATTY ACID

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5
Q

what is the hallmark of t2dm on the insulin clamp?

A

loss of first phase insulin release

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6
Q

what is the firstline methodof diagnosing t2dm?

A

HBA1C OVER 48

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7
Q

what is a hyperosmolar hyperglycaemic state? what causes it?

A

DEHYDRATION DUE TO TRYING TO PEE OUT GLUCOSE. DANGEROUS, RENAL FAILURE, EXTREME HYPERGLYCAEMIA, ALTERED MENTAL STATE.
PRECEDED BY INFECTION OR MI

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8
Q

2 roles of metformin

A

sensitizes insulin receptors and lowers hgo

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9
Q

what is the role of pioglitazone?

A

insulin sensitiser

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10
Q

2 side effects of pioglitzasone

A

peripheral weight gain
hepaitits
heart failure

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11
Q

what is glp and when is it secreted?

A

GUT HORMONE SECRETED IN RESPONSE TO NUTIENTS IN GUT BY L CELLS
CAUSES FULLNESS AND DTIMULATES INSULIN

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12
Q

roleof SGL2 inhibitors in diabetes?

A

inhibit the glucose transpeort in pct so more is peed out. IMPROVE MICROALBUMINURIA, IMPROVE CKDM WEIGHT LOSS, LOWER CVD RISK

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13
Q

what 2 things increase diabetes complications?

A

hypertension and high glucose

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14
Q

what is seen in background retinopathy?

A

small haemorrhages

cheese coloured exudates

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15
Q

what is seen in preproliferative retinopathy

A

cotton wool spots and haemorrahge

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16
Q 
how is each of the follwing treated?
background retinopathy
preproliferative
proliferative 
diabetic maculopathy
A

watchful waiting
panretianl photocoagulation
panretinal photocoagulation
anti vegf injections, grid photocoagulation

17
Q

3 signs of diabetic nephrophathy

A

microalbuminuria
hypertension
deranged gfr

18
Q

classification of microalbuminuria, proteinuria, nephropathy?

A

micro - <2.5
protein > 30
nephropathy >3000 mg/24h

19
Q

what happens to the renin angiotensin system in t2dm

A

it is in overdrive

20
Q

4 ways of managing diabetic nephropathy?

A

tighter glycaemic control
ace/arb
stop smoking
SGLT-2 inhibitor if T2DM

21
Q

How is diabetic foot with ulceration treated?

A 
MDT DIABETES FOOT CLININC 
OFFLOADING 
REVASCULARISATION 
ABS 
ORTHOPEDIC FOOTWARE
AMPUTTION
22
Q

what is seen in mononeuropathy?

A

SUDDEN MOTOR LOSS - WRIST/FOOT DROP, CN PALSY (3RD NERVE)

23
Q

what is seen in autonomic neuropathy

A

GI; DELAYED GASTRIC EMPTYING (EFFETS ON INSULIN RELEASE), CONSTIPATION
CV: POSTURAL HYPOTENSION, SUDDEN CARDIAC DEATH

GI cancers (18 decks)

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