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GI cancers > gi cancer > Flashcards

gi cancer Flashcards

1
Q

what type of cancer can squamous cells become?

A

scc and adenoma

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2
Q

what are enteroendocrine cell cancers called?

A

neuroendocrine tumours

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3
Q

what are cancers of the interstitial cells of cajal called?

A

gastrointestinal stromal tumours (gists)

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4
Q

what is an adipose cancer called?

A

liposarcoma

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5
Q

what type of cell becomes squamous cell carcimoma in the oesophagus?

A

stratified squamous epithelium

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6
Q

what is scc (oesophagus) associated with?

A

alcoholism

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7
Q

what type of cells form adenocarcimona of the oesophagus?

A

metaplastic columnar epithelium

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8
Q

3 stages of progression from reflux to oesophageal cancer?

A

oesophagitis, barrett’s, adenocarcinoma

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9
Q

how is barrett’s survaillance?
no dysplasia
mild dysplasia
high dysplasia

A

2-3 years
6 months
intervention

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10
Q

2 key symptoms of oesophageal adenocarcinoma?

A

dysphagia and weight loss

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11
Q

how is oesophageal cancer diagnosed?

A

endoscopy and biopsy

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12
Q

how is it staged?

A

ct
laparoscopy
eus
pet scan

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13
Q

treatment plan for curative oes. cancer?

A

neoadjuvant cx and oesophagectomy

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14
Q

3 aspects of palliative oesophageal treatment?

A

chemo, radiotherapy, stent

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15
Q

what approach is taken for the oesophagectomy?

A

ivor lewis approach

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16
Q

3 forms of colorectal cancer?

A

sporadic, familial, hereditary

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17
Q

2 heredetroy synromes that increase risk of crc?

A

FAP, HNPCC (lynch syndrome)

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18
Q

what do prophylactic endoscopies look for

A

polyps

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19
Q

what can prevent progression of polyps?

A

asprin, nsaids, folate, calcium

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20
Q

4 past history rfs for crc?

A

colorectal cancer, polyps, ulcerative colitis, radiotherapy

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21
Q

4 lifestype factors that can increase crc risk>

A

carcinogenic foods, smoking, obesity, socioeconomic status

22
Q

how does caecal/right sided cancer present?

A

iron deficiency anaemia
change in bowel habits
palpable mass
ileal obstruction

23
Q

how does left sided/sigmoid carcinoma present?

A

PR bleeding
mucus in stool
thin stool

24
Q

how does rectal cancer present

A

PR bleeding, mucus, tenesmus, anal pain

25
Q

what other symptoms may crc present with?

A

liver mets - jaundice, hepatic pain

lung mets - cough

26
Q

what is the sister mary joseph nodule indicative of?

A

peritoneal mets

27
Q

4 aspects of physical exam for crc?

A

pr exam
palpable mass
tenderness
rigid sigmoidoscopy

28
Q

2 faecal occult blood tests to do?

A

guaiac test

FIT

29
Q

what advice to give before suaiac test?

A

avoid red meat, melons, horse radish, vit c and nsaids for 3 days before

30
Q

what is looked for in a blood test for crc

A

anaemia, low ferratin

CEA tumour marker

31
Q

imaging for crc?

A 
colonoscopy 
ct colonoscopy (elderly, unfit)
32
Q

when is an MRI pelvis done?

A

rectal cancer
shows mesorectal lymph node involvement
decides if chemo first or surgery

33
Q

how is a right/transverse carcinoma surgically treated?

A

resection (hemicolectomy/extended hemicolectomy) and primary anastoomosis to ileum

34
Q

how is a left sided obstruction treated?

A
  1. hartmann’s procedure - proximal end colostomy then anastamose in 6 months
  2. resect and anastomose directly
  3. ileostomy
35
Q

risk factors for pancreatic cancer?

A 
chronic pancreatitis 
t2dm
gallstones
diet 
cigarettes 
family history
36
Q

risk factors for pancreatic cancer?

A 
chronic pancreatitis 
t2dm
gallstones
diet 
cigarettes 
family history
37
Q

which inherited syndromes increase risk for pancreartic cnacer?

A

hereditoray pancreatitis
family atypical multiple mole melanoma
lynch syndrome
fap

38
Q

what are PanINs? how are they visable?

A

pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasias (like polyps for bowel). only visable microscopically. acquire genecic alterations along way

39
Q

clincial presentation for cancer in head of pancreas?

A

jaundice, weight loss, epigastric pain, acute pancreatitis, vomiting, gi bleeding

40
Q

what pain is a bad sign in pancreatic cancer?

A

epigastric pain that radiates to back - shows capsule invasion and irresectability

41
Q

why is cancer of the tail of the pancreas worse?

A

develops insidiously and presents late

42
Q

most common symptoms of pancreas tail cancer? what is not seen?

A

weight loss and back pain

no jaundice

43
Q

what tumour marker is there for pancreatic cancer? what can falsely raise it?

A

CA19-9

PANCREATITIS, obstructive jaundice

44
Q

investigations for pancreatic cancer?

A
  1. dual phase CT
    ercp (double duct sign, theraputic)
    eus (small tumours)
    pretty much all
45
Q

what must be taken out in a top resection?

A

spleen due to splenic artery

46
Q

what is hepatocellular cancer associated with?

A

cirrhosis

47
Q

treatment for hepatocellular cancer?

A

surgical excision
liver transplant
radiofrequency ablation
transarterial chemo embolisayion

48
Q

3 causes of gallbladder cancer?

A

gallstones, porcelain gallbladder, chronic typhoid infection

49
Q

3 causes of cholaniocarcimoma?

A

primary sclerosing cholangitis
liver fluke
choledochal cyst

50
Q

optimal treatments for all liver cancers?

A

surgical excision with curative intent

GI cancers (18 decks)

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