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GI cancers > gastro qurestions > Flashcards

gastro qurestions Flashcards

1
Q

how does hypomotility cause problems?

A

loss of motility due to neural defects and muscle atrophy

this casues reflux

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2
Q

what are the CREST symtoms?

A 
CALCINOSIS
RENAUDS 
ESOPHAGAL
SCLERODACTILY 
TELECTASIA
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3
Q

what is given in hypomotility

A

prokinetics - cisapride

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4
Q

how is corkscrew oesophagus treated?

A

pnuematic dilation of cardia

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5
Q

how does a perforated oesophagus present

A

chest pain
fever
dysphagia
emphysema

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6
Q

investgations for oesophageal perfoation

A

cxr
ct
gastrogaffin swallow
ogd

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7
Q

factors what rasie los pressure?

A

ach
histamine
pgf

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8
Q

outline some factors which lower oesopahageal pressure

A

caffeine
chocolate
no
dopamine

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9
Q

3 mechanisms that protect following reflux?

A

ph clearance
peristalisis
epithelium barrier

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10
Q

how is GORD investigated

A

ogd
manometry
24h ph monitoring

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11
Q

what 2 surgical procedures treat gord

A

fundoplication and dilation of peptic strictures

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12
Q

what and where causes atrophic gastritis

A

IN THE FUNDUS.
AUTOANTIBODIES AGAINST PARIETAL CELLS
CAUSES PERNICIOUS ANAEMIA AS WELL AS LESS ACIDD.
CAN CAUSE HYPERPLASIA AND CARCINOMA

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13
Q

3 things stimulate gastrin production

A

histamine
gastrin
ach

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14
Q

what 3 things inhibit gastrin production

A 
prostaglandins 
somatostatin
adenosine 
secretin
tng alpha
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15
Q

4 ways in which the stomach muosa is protected from acis

A

MUCUS FILM
HCO3 DECRETINO
EPITHELIALS
BLOOD PERFUSION

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16
Q

what are the spinal levels for each type of reffered pain?

A

FOREGUT T5-9
MIDCUT 10-11
HINDGUT L1-2

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17
Q

3 inputs into arcuate nucleus?

A

NEURAL FROM VAGUS NERVE, LEPTIN, GHRELIN, PYY, GUT HORMONES

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18
Q

what does the paraventricular necleus contain

A

neurones that project to the posteior pituitary

19
Q

what effect does agrp have on mc4r

A

inhibits it

20
Q

where is leptin made

A

adipose and enterocytes

21
Q

how does ghrlin regulate appetite

A

INCREASES BEFORE FOOD AND INCREASES APPETIRE AND INHIBITS GASTRIC EMPTYING

22
Q

major phyla of bacteria in gut?

A

FERMICUTES
BACTERIOIDETES
ACTINOBACTERIA
PROTEOBACTERIA

23
Q

3 components of epithelial barrier

A

tight junctions
goblet cells
paneth cells

24
Q

what is the structure of MALT

A

LIMPHOID FOLLICLES SURROINDED BY HEV POST CAPILARY VENULES

25
Q

4 EXAMPLES OF ORGANISED GALT

A

PEYERS PATCHES, MESENTERIC LYMPH NODES CAECAL PATCHES, MESENTERIC LYMPH NODES

26
Q

2 EXAMPLES OF NON ORGANISED GALT

A

INTRAEPITHELIAL LYMPHOCYTES,

LAMINA PROPRTIA LYMPHOCYTES

27
Q

WHAT IS THE ROLE OF madcam1 in the lamina propria

A

MADCAM HELPS CELLS GET INTO THE LAMINA PROPRIA. ADHESION PROTEIN . FOUND ON HEVS

28
Q

outline the mechanism of cholera

A

SECRETES TOXIN WHICH ALTERS THE CAMP PATHWEAY,

MORE ADENYLATE CYCLASE LEADS TO MORE CFTR BEING ON

AND LOSS OF SALT AND WATER - DIARRHOEA

29
Q

how is campylobacter transmitted

A

undercooked meat

treat with macrolide

30
Q

how is c fidd managed

A

vancomycin and metronizadole

31
Q

how is oesophageal cancer diagnosed

A

ogd and biopsy

32
Q

4 ways to stage oesopageal cance r

A

ct
laparascopy
euss
pet

33
Q

3 major forms of colon cance r

A

sporadic
familial
hereditary syndrome

34
Q

4 things in history that increase risk of colon cancer

A

previous cancer
polyps
uc
radiotherapy

35
Q

how do caecal and right sided cancer often present?

A

palpable mass
iron deficiecny anaemia
weight loss
change in bowel habit

36
Q

what does the faecal occult blood test look for?

A

guaiac test (avoid red meat and nsaids)

also fit testing

37
Q

tumour marker for colon cancer

A

cea

38
Q

when is a pelvic mri done for colon cance r

A

MESORECTLY LYMPH NODE INVOLVEMENT. CHOOSE BETWEEN CHEMO OR STRAIGHT TO SRUGERY .

39
Q

what is courvoisiers sign

A

palpable gallbladder

40
Q

how does tail of pancreas cancer present?

A

weight loss and back pain

41
Q

which tumour marker is present in pancreatic cancer

A

ca19-9

42
Q

what can an ercp confirm?

A

double duct sign

billary stenting

43
Q

3 causes of gallbladder cance r

A

gallstones
porcelain gallbladder
chronic typhoid

44
Q

3 causes of cholangiocarcinoma?

A

psc and uc
liver fluke
choledochal cyst

GI cancers (18 decks)

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